The latest developments and outlook for hydrogen liquefaction technology

Ohlig, Klaus; Decker, L.

doi:10.1063/1.4860858

Cited by 69 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…Several works have in recent years proposed novel solutions for lowering the specific energy requirements of the hydrogen liquefaction pro-cess [5][6][7][8][9]. The typical hydrogen liquefaction process consists of four consecutive stages [5,10]:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing the exergy destruction in the cryogenic heat exchangers of hydrogen liquefaction processes

Wilhelmsen

Berstad

Aasen

et al. 2018

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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A present key barrier for implementing large-scale hydrogen liquefaction plants is their high power consumption. The cryogenic heat exchangers are responsible for a significant part of the exergy destruction in these plants and we evaluate in this work strategies to increase their efficiency. A detailed model of a plate-fin heat exchanger is presented that incorporates the geometry of the heat exchanger, nonequilibrium ortho-para conversion and correlations to account for the pressure drop and heat transfer coefficients due to possible boiling/condensation of the refrigerant at the lowest temperatures. Based on available experimental data, a correlation for the ortho-para conversion kinetics is developed, which reproduces available experimental data with an average deviation of 2.2%. In a plate-fin heat exchanger that is used to cool the hydrogen from 47.8 K to 29.3 K with hydrogen as refrigerant, we find that the two main sources of exergy destruction are thermal gradients and ortho-para hydrogen conversion, being responsible for 69% and 29% of the exergy destruction respectively. A route to reduce the exergy destruction from the ortho-para hydrogen conversion is to use a more efficient catalyst, where we find that a doubling of the catalytic activity in comparison to ferric-oxide, as demonstrated by nickel oxide-silica catalyst, reduces the exergy destruction by 9%. A possible route to reduce the exergy destruction from thermal gradients is to employ an evaporating mixture of helium and neon at the cold-side of the heat exchanger, which reduces the exergy destruction by 7%. We find that a combination of hydrogen and helium-neon as refrigerants at high and low temperatures respectively, enables a reduction of the exergy destruction by 35%. A combination of both improved catalyst and the use of hydrogen and helium-neon as refrigerants gives the possibility to reduce the exergy destruction in the cryogenic heat exchangers by 43%. The limited efficiency of the ortho-para catalyst represents a barrier for further improvement of the efficiency.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing the exergy destruction in the cryogenic heat exchangers of hydrogen liquefaction processes

Wilhelmsen

Berstad

Aasen

et al. 2018

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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“…The classical Claude cycle is a combination of a JouleeThomson cycle and the Brayton cycle: a refrigerant stream is expanded in expanders while a second partial stream is cooled and expanded in a throttle valve to produce a two-phase stream [31]. The specific energy consumption SEC for a conventional 5 tpd LH 2 hydrogen liquefaction process with a hydrogen Claude cycle and LN 2 precooling is about 10 kWh per kg LH 2 [6,18,30].…”

Section: State-of-the-artmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Linde 2010 process was chosen as a benchmark for plant capital investment [30]. The IDEALHY process, which included most of the process features proposed by Refs.…”

Section: State-of-the-artmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two recent conceptual liquefaction processes for 50 tpd LH 2 from literature, the Linde 2010 process [30] and the IDE-ALHY process [20e22], were selected as most promising existing conceptual designs and recalculated by the author with a new simulation model based on identical process and cost boundary conditions [18,23]. The Linde 2010 process was chosen as a benchmark for plant capital investment [30].…”

Section: State-of-the-artmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cryogenic refrigeration cycle in built liquefaction processes is based either on a helium Brayton cycle or a hydrogen Claude cycle [9,30]. A Brayton cycle uses a turbine instead of a JouleeThomson throttle valve for expansion [31].…”

Section: State-of-the-artmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Process optimization for large-scale hydrogen liquefaction

Cardella

Decker²,

Sundberg

et al. 2017

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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154

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Comparative design, thermodynamic and techno‐economic analysis of utilizing liquefied natural gas cold energy for hydrogen liquefaction processes

Noh

Park

Kim

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary This study mainly focuses on determining the optimal configuration that efficiently utilizes liquefied natural gas (LNG) cold energy in hydrogen precooling for liquid hydrogen production. To achieve this goal, two different configurations are designed: (a) adding LNG cold energy to the existing hydrogen precooling cycle and (b) replacing the existing hydrogen precooling cycle with LNG cold energy. An equilibrium hydrogen model is developed to reflect the thermodynamic property of ortho‐para conversion of hydrogen. Bayesian optimization is performed to determine the optimal operating conditions which minimize the specific energy consumption for all configurations. The specific energy consumption of the configuration involving hydrogen precooling with only LNG is 5.613 kWh/kg‐LH2, and it is reduced by 8.13% and 3.19% from the base case design and the configuration involving hydrogen precooling with both LNG and a mixed refrigerant cycle, respectively. In addition, a techno‐economic analysis is conducted. Compare to the base case design, the capital cost and operating cost of the design replacing hydrogen precooling with LNG are reduced by 31.76% and 11.55%, respectively. This study shows that the proposed design of replacing the hydrogen precooling cycle with an LNG stream can save energy consumption, moreover, it is highly effective for capital investment saving due to its simple configuration.

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The latest developments and outlook for hydrogen liquefaction technology

Cited by 69 publications

References 1 publication

Reducing the exergy destruction in the cryogenic heat exchangers of hydrogen liquefaction processes

Reducing the exergy destruction in the cryogenic heat exchangers of hydrogen liquefaction processes

Process optimization for large-scale hydrogen liquefaction

Comparative design, thermodynamic and techno‐economic analysis of utilizing liquefied natural gas cold energy for hydrogen liquefaction processes

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