The let-down reflex in human lactation

Newton, Michael; Newton, Niles

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(48)80075-2

Cited by 172 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…As soon as it begins, suckling is detected by mechanoreceptors of sensory nerve terminals in the areolus of the nipple which send afferent cholinergic impulses to the paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nuclei in the hypothalamus, that in turn stimulate the pulsatile release of OT, a nonapeptide hormone, from the posterior pituitary [65]. Once in the bloodstream, OT reaches the MG where it interacts with specific G-protein-coupled receptors localized on myoepithelial cells, and induces their asynchronous contraction.…”

Section: Oxytocinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology of milk secretion

Truchet

Honvo-Houeto

2017

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metab

100

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Section: Oxytocinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology of milk secretion

Truchet

Honvo-Houeto

2017

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metab

100

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“…For each sample one 6 mm diameter disc (containing approximately 11 ,ul of blood) was punched from the centre of each of two blood spots (enabling the assay to be performed in duplicate). Similar discs were punched from the plain filter paper (as blanks).…”

Section: Assay Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous milk ejection during lactation and its possible relevance to success of breast-feeding.

McNeilly¹,

McNeilly²

1978

BMJ

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formin has not decreased (1 -63/million DDDs in 1972-4 and 1-76/million DDDs in 1975-7).Previous studies have shown that about 300%' of serious ADRs to drugs were reported to the Swedish committee.5 Although the total number of reports has increased since its inception in 1965, reports of death have been fairly constant.5 8 This has been interpreted as showing that serious reactions, especially fatal ones, are overrepresented in the reports. The total numbers of reports of ADRs to metformin and phenformin are of the same order when related to use (table III), which speaks against a serious reporting bias. Furthermore, age and sex ctistributions in the prescription sample were similar for the two drugs, as were the prescribed daily doses versus the respective DDDs. Metformin is eliminated by the kidneys while phenformin is also metabolised.1 Accordingly, the daily dose of phenformin and the age of patients receiving metformin seem to be important factors in the development of ADRs to the drugs. An age limit of 60 years for biguanide use would have eliminated 70%/' of the patients treated (figure) and 78% (40/51) of the cases of lactic acidosis classified as probable or not excluded. The youngest patient with lactic acidosis was only 20 years old.Our findings indicate that this methodology is valuable for comparing the incidences of ADRs to similar drugs. Since ADRs are underreported,5 however, these figures should not be extrapolated to "true" incidences. Our study also indicates that phenformin is more likely than metformin to cause lactic acidosis. This is a clinical advantage for metformin under the premise that both drugs are equally effective.

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“…The release of OT in the letdown reflex is suppressed in the face of acute stressors such as mental arithmetic and pain stimuli (Newton and Newton, 1948;Ueda et al, 1994), while at the same time release of OT during nursing can reduce the stress response in breastfeeding women (Altemus et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxytocin and Epstein‐Barr virus: Stress biomarkers in the postpartum period among first‐time mothers from São Paulo, Brazil

Rudzik¹,

Breakey²,

Bribiescas

2013

American J Hum Biol

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Citation for published item:udzikD el nn iFpF nd fre keyD eli i nd fri ies sD i h rd qF @PHIRA 9yxyto in nd ipsteinEf rr virus X stress iom rkers in the postp rtum period mong (rstEtime mothers from £ o uloD fr zilF9D emeri n journ l of hum n iologyFD PT @IAF ppF RQESHF Further information on publisher's website:httpXGGdxFdoiForgGIHFIHHPG jh FPPRVW Publisher's copyright statement: his is the epted version of the following rti leX udzikD el nn iFpF nd fre keyD eli i nd fri ies sD i h rd qF @PHIRA 9yxyto in nd ipsteinEf rr virus X stress iom rkers in the postp rtum period mong (rstEtime mothers from £ o uloD fr zilF9D emeri n journ l of hum n iologyFD PT @IAF ppF RQESHD whi h h s een pu lished in (n l form t httpXGGdxFdoiForgGIHFIHHPG jh FPPRVWF his rti le m y e used for nonE ommer i l purposes in ord n e ith iley erms nd gonditions for selfE r hivingF Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. 2 AbstractObjectives: The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between selfreported stress levels among new mothers in São Paulo, Brazil and two biomarkers of stressful experience, oxytocin (OT) and Epstein-Barr Virus antibody level (EBV-ab), with planned pregnancy hypothesised as a moderator of biological response to stressful conditions. Methods: Sixty-three first-time mothers between the ages of 15 and 45 were recruited from neighbourhoods in São Paulo, Brazil. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected longitudinally, bi-weekly between two and 12 weeks postpartum. OT level was assessed from breast milk samples and EBV-ab from blood spot samples. An Interpersonal Satisfaction scale was developed, validated and administered, along with the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Results:In-depth interview data revealed unplanned pregnancy to be a significant stressor in the lives of first-time mothers. In linear regression, OT level was negatively associated with Interpersonal Satisfaction score (p=.022) and positively associated with PSS score (p=.007). When splitting the sample by planned status of the pregnancy, women with an unplanned pregnancy showed a strengthened positive association between OT level and PSS (p=.001; Adj R 2 =0.44) and negative association with Interpersonal Satisfaction (p=.017; Adj R 2 =0.15), while no associations existed for women with a planned pregnancy. EBV-ab level was not correlated or associated with stress/satisfaction measures. Conclusion:OT is an effective biomarker in the measurement of stress in the body, and additionally reflects differential experiences with difficul...

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The let-down reflex in human lactation

Cited by 172 publications

References 15 publications

Physiology of milk secretion

Physiology of milk secretion

Spontaneous milk ejection during lactation and its possible relevance to success of breast-feeding.

Oxytocin and Epstein‐Barr virus: Stress biomarkers in the postpartum period among first‐time mothers from São Paulo, Brazil

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