The link between periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease – emerging clinical evidence

Wu, David; Cho, Ye Won; Spalti, Matthew D.; Bishara, Mark; Nguyen, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.dentre.2022.100062

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…In addition to P. gingivalis, other periodontal pathogens, such as T. denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans), and F. nucleatum, have received attention for their potential role in neuroinflammation, especially in AD [67]. Some interesting findings from animals studies are that Treponema species appear to have the ability to invade CNS and produce amyloid, serotype b of A. actinomycetemcomitans triggers secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by microglia and F. nucleatum-induced periodontitis can lead to the worsening of Alzheimer symptoms in mice [68].…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Periodontitis and Its Role In Neuroinflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodontitis: A Plausible Modifiable Risk Factor for Neurodegenerative Diseases? A Comprehensive Review

Plachokova,

Gjaltema,

Hagens

et al. 2024

IJMS

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The aim of this comprehensive review is to summarize recent literature on associations between periodontitis and neurodegenerative diseases, explore the bidirectionality and provide insights into the plausible pathogenesis. For this purpose, systematic reviews and meta-analyses from PubMed, Medline and EMBASE were considered. Out of 33 retrieved papers, 6 articles complying with the inclusion criteria were selected and discussed. Additional relevant papers for bidirectionality and pathogenesis were included. Results show an association between periodontitis and Alzheimer’s disease, with odds ratios of 3 to 5. A bidirectional relationship is suspected. For Parkinson’s disease (PD), current evidence for an association appears to be weak, although poor oral health and PD seem to be correlated. A huge knowledge gap was identified. The plausible mechanistic link for the association between periodontitis and neurodegenerative diseases is the interplay between periodontal inflammation and neuroinflammation. Three pathways are hypothesized in the literature, i.e., humoral, neuronal and cellular, with a clear role of periodontal pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. Age, gender, race, smoking, alcohol intake, nutrition, physical activity, socioeconomic status, stress, medical comorbidities and genetics were identified as common risk factors for periodontitis and neurodegenerative diseases. Future research with main emphasis on the collaboration between neurologists and dentists is encouraged.

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Section: Pathogenesis Of Periodontitis and Its Role In Neuroinflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodontitis: A Plausible Modifiable Risk Factor for Neurodegenerative Diseases? A Comprehensive Review

Plachokova,

Gjaltema,

Hagens

et al. 2024

IJMS

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“…Studies have shown that serotype b lipopolysaccharide was noticeably more immunogenic than others. It could lead to a rise in extracellular Aβ levels and neurite shrinkage through pro‐inflammatory cytokine secretion and an increase in the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in microglia or mixed hippocampal cells—all characteristics that are significantly linked to the etiology of AD [15]. TLR4 expression, in contrast, only increased in microglial cultures in response to all stimuli [111].…”

Section: Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans (Aa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This organism employs the metabolic products of other biofilm inhabitants for its survival and growth [106,107]. As a robust immunoregulator of the alveolar bone homeostasis and the periodontal immune system, Aa plays a role in the most aggressive types of periodontitis [15]. The serotypes of Aa are defined based on the antigenicity of the Opolysaccharide component of the LPS, with a, b, and c, as the most frequent serotypes in adult individuals [12].…”

Section: Aa and Periodontitismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of periodontitis‐associated bacteria in Alzheimer's disease: A narrative review

et al. 2023

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Alzheimer's disease causes memory loss and dementia in older adults through a neurodegenerative mechanism. Despite the pathophysiological clarification of this cognitive disorder, novel molecular and cellular pathways should be identified to determine its exact mechanism. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically characterized by senile plaques comprising beta‐amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formed by hyperphosphorylated tau as a microtubule‐associated protein with a key role in the pathogenesis of AD. Periodontitis through inflammatory pathways is a risk factor for deteriorating cognitive impairment in AD patients. Poor oral hygiene coupled with immunocompromised status in older adults causes periodontal diseases and chronic inflammations through an oral bacterial imbalance. Toxic bacterial products, including bacteria themselves, can reach the central nervous system through the bloodstream and evoke inflammatory responses. The present review was conducted to investigate relationships between AD and periodontitis‐involved bacteria as a risk factor.

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“…The results showed that the risk of cognitive decline was higher for subjects aged over 45.5 years and in those with a greater number of tooth loss. This suggests that cognitive decline is associated with periodontal and oral health [150,151].…”

Section: Study Of the Correlation Between Periodontitis And Admentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the Study of the Pathology and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease and Its Association with Periodontitis

Tang,

Sun,

Yang

et al. 2023

Life

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become one of the leading causes of health problems in the elderly, and studying its causes and treatments remains a serious challenge for researchers worldwide. The two main pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease are the extracellular deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) to form senile plaques and the intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein to form neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Researchers have proposed several hypotheses to elucidate the pathogenesis of AD, but due to the complexity of the pathophysiologic factors involved in the development of AD, no effective drugs have been found to stop the progression of the disease. Currently, the mainstay drugs used to treat AD can only alleviate the patient’s symptoms and do not have a therapeutic effect. As researchers explore interactions among diseases, much evidence suggests that there is a close link between periodontitis and AD, and that periodontal pathogenic bacteria can exacerbate Aβ deposition and Tau protein hyperphosphorylation through neuroinflammatory mechanisms, thereby advancing the pathogenesis of AD. This article reviews recent advances in the pathogenesis of AD, available therapeutic agents, the relevance of periodontitis to AD, and mechanisms of action.

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The link between periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease – emerging clinical evidence

Cited by 12 publications

References 117 publications

Periodontitis: A Plausible Modifiable Risk Factor for Neurodegenerative Diseases? A Comprehensive Review

Periodontitis: A Plausible Modifiable Risk Factor for Neurodegenerative Diseases? A Comprehensive Review

The role of periodontitis‐associated bacteria in Alzheimer's disease: A narrative review

Advances in the Study of the Pathology and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease and Its Association with Periodontitis

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