The Live Frog Is Almost Dead

Gibbs, Erich L.; Nace, George W.; Emmons, Marvin B.

doi:10.2307/1296057

Cited by 62 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Besides the ethical aspects, experiments using live frogs involve a number of problems, including sample homogeneity, the health of the experimental animals (McClelland et al, 1998) and nature conservation (Gibbs et al, 1971). The frogs used, Rana catesbeiana Shaw 1802, had been caught in Mexico about two weeks before being purchased by the Auditory Research Laboratories (Princeton, NJ, USA) from the Connecticut Valley Biological Supply CO.…”

Section: Materials and Methods Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Function of the sexually dimorphic ear of the American bullfrog,Rana catesbeiana: brief review and new insight

Werner

Pylka

Schneider

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThe dimorphic ear of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, has long been enigmatic. The male's tympanic membrane (TM) area approximates twice the area of the female's; however, similar size differences in the area of the columellar footplate were not observed between the sexes. Hence, the male's hearing is expected to be more sensitive than the female's but this is not the case. Asking what offsets the advantage of the large TM, we applied a series of experiments to the auditory system. Male and female audiograms based on stimulation with airborne sound and on both multi-unit responses from the brain and alternating cochlear potentials ('microphonics') showed equal sensitivity and a small difference in frequency response; at low frequencies the male was more sensitive than the female. Amputating the columella and stimulating the stump with mechanical vibration showed that for an equal microphonic response, the male's footplate vibrated with lower amplitude than the female's footplate. Mechanically stimulating the TM of the intact ear replicated this result, excluding the involvement of the mechanical lever. The TM of the male weighs five times the TM of the female, and artificial loading of the TM of either sex greatly reduced the ear's sensitivity. Hence, the male's excessive area ratio (TM to columellar footplate) is offset by the heavier cartilage cushion on the male's TM, damping the TM's response to sound. This is corroborated by experimentally artificially loading the TM. The product of area ratio and footplate vibration amplitude would result in similar stimulation of the inner ear in the two sexes.

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Section: Materials and Methods Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Physiological data were obtained from 65 adults: males measured 126-153 mm RA length (rostrum-anus length), mass 169-421 g; females, 118-158mm RA length, mass, 124-382g. We endeavoured to maximise the information derived from each individual (Gibbs et al, 1971).…”

Section: Materials and Methods Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Function of the sexually dimorphic ear of the American bullfrog,Rana catesbeiana: brief review and new insight

Werner

Pylka

Schneider

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Distribution: Baxter 1947;Stebbins 1974;Snith 1963c;Conant 1975;Bury et al 1978;Baxter and Stone 1980. Economic and legal status: Gibbs et al 1971;Bury et al 1978. Population characteristics: Stebbins 1951Dole 1965a;Gibbs et al 1971;Merrell 1977;Wyoming Game and Fish Dept.…”

Section: Rana Pipiens Northern Leopard Frogmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Economic and legal status: Gibbs et al 1971;Bury et al 1978. Population characteristics: Stebbins 1951Dole 1965a;Gibbs et al 1971;Merrell 1977;Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977;Sharp 1979;Baxter andStone 1980.…”

Section: Rana Pipiens Northern Leopard Frogmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected bibliography of Wyoming amphibians and reptiles

Corn¹,

Bury²,

Welsh³

1984

Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service

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“…Rãs usadas extensivamente como animais experimentais em pesquisa, estão sujeitas ã mortalidade em massa sob ambas as condições natural e de laboratório (Gibbs et al, 1971). A causa imediata de mortes nos animais doentes parece ser toxemia bacteriana (CuJ_ ley, Jr. et al, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Staphylococcus aureus em 2 (duas) rãs-touro (Rana catesbeiana) de um ranário em Belém, PA

Pinheiro

1989

Acta Amaz.

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The Live Frog Is Almost Dead

Cited by 62 publications

References 26 publications

Function of the sexually dimorphic ear of the American bullfrog,Rana catesbeiana: brief review and new insight

Function of the sexually dimorphic ear of the American bullfrog,Rana catesbeiana: brief review and new insight

Selected bibliography of Wyoming amphibians and reptiles

Staphylococcus aureus em 2 (duas) rãs-touro (Rana catesbeiana) de um ranário em Belém, PA

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