The location and function of NMDA receptors in cat and kitten visual cortex

Fox, Kevin; Sato, Hiromichi; Daw, Nigel W.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.09-07-02443.1989

Cited by 285 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Normally, the duration of the NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC shortens over development, but dark-rearing or TTX administration can prevent this shortening (Carmingnoto and Vicini, 1992). Similarly, the normal developmental decrease in the percentage of the visually driven response mediated by NMDA receptors is prevented when cats are raised in the dark and resumes when dark-reared animals are subsequently exposed to light (Fox et al, 1989(Fox et al, , 1991. Our results suggest that the physiological alterations that occur during darkrearing do not result from major changes in the amount of NMDAR1 protein.…”

Section: Regulation Of Nmdar1 Immunoreactivity By Vision and Activitysupporting

confidence: 50%

“…In cat visual cortex, the percentage of the visual response of individual neurons that is NMDAR-mediated decreases between 3 and 6 weeks of age; dark-rearing prevents this decrease (Fox et al, 1989(Fox et al, , 1991. One possible mechanism that might underlie the decrease in NMDA-mediated responses is a change in NMDA receptor kinetics.…”

Section: Abstract: Nmdar1; Activity-dependent; Visual Cortex; Develomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…R1 levels peak in layer 4 by approximately 4 weeks (P35) and fall to adult levels by 11 weeks (P76), when anatomical rearrangements of geniculocortical axons can no longer be induced (Mower et al, 1985). Physiologically, NMDA receptors make a similar contribution to the visually driven activity of neurons in all cortical layers initially; however, between 3 and 6 weeks, this contribution declines in layers 4 -6 and remains high in layers 2/3 (Tsumoto et al, 1987;Fox et al, 1989). Thus, our immunocytochemistry observations of laminar patterns of R1 levels correlate with the physiological changes, albeit at a slight temporal lag.…”

Section: Developmental Changes In Nmdar1 Immunoreactivity Correlate Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activity-Dependent Regulation of NMDAR1 Immunoreactivity in the Developing Visual Cortex

1997

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NMDA receptors have been implicated in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the developing visual cortex. We examined the distribution of immunocytochemically detectable NMDAR1 in visual cortex of cats and ferrets from late embryonic ages to adulthood. Cortical neurons are initially highly immunostained. This level declines gradually over development, with the notable exception of cortical layers 2/3, where levels of NMDAR1 immunostaining remain high into adulthood. Within layer 4, the decline in NMDAR1 immunostaining to adult levels coincides with the completion of ocular dominance column formation and the end of the critical period for layer 4. To determine whether NMDAR1 immunoreactivity is regulated by retinal activity, animals were dark-reared or retinal activity was completely blocked in one eye with tetrodotoxin (TTX). Dark-rearing does not cause detectable changes in NMDAR1 immunoreactivity. However, 2 weeks of monocular TTX administration decreases NMDAR1 immunoreactivity in layer 4 of the columns of the blocked eye. Thus, high levels of NMDAR1 immunostaining within the visual cortex are temporally correlated with ocular dominance column formation and developmental plasticity; the persistence of staining in layers 2/3 also correlates with the physiological plasticity present in these layers in the adult. In addition, visual experience is not required for the developmental changes in the laminar pattern of NMDAR1 levels, but the presence of high levels of NMDAR1 in layer 4 during the critical period does require retinal activity. These observations are consistent with a central role for NMDA receptors in promoting and ultimately limiting synaptic rearrangements in the developing neocortex.

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Section: Regulation Of Nmdar1 Immunoreactivity By Vision and Activitysupporting

confidence: 50%

Section: Abstract: Nmdar1; Activity-dependent; Visual Cortex; Develomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Developmental Changes In Nmdar1 Immunoreactivity Correlate Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activity-Dependent Regulation of NMDAR1 Immunoreactivity in the Developing Visual Cortex

1997

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“…The data from the recovery epoch were recorded more than 90 min after the injection. 22,23,34). We found that antagonists of the NMDA-R affected the visually driven activity but that the effect depended on the subunit specificity of the antagonist.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Different glutamate receptors convey feedforward and recurrent processing in macaque V1

Self

Kooijmans²,

Supèr³

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

165

179

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Neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) receive feedforward input from the thalamus, which shapes receptive-field properties. They additionally receive recurrent inputs via horizontal connections within V1 and feedback from higher visual areas that are thought to be important for conscious visual perception. Here, we investigated what roles different glutamate receptors play in conveying feedforward and recurrent inputs in macaque V1. As a measure of recurrent processing, we used figure-ground modulation (FGM), the increased activity of neurons representing figures compared with background, which depends on feedback from higher areas. We found that feedforward-driven activity was strongly reduced by the AMPA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), whereas this drug had no effect on FGM. In contrast, blockers of the NMDA receptor reduced FGM, whereas their effect on visually driven activity varied with the subunit specificity of the drug. The NMDA receptor blocker 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) caused a slight reduction of the visual response, whereas ifenprodil, which targets NMDA receptors containing the NMDA receptor NR2B subunit, increased the visual response. These findings demonstrate that glutamate receptors contribute differently to feedforward and recurrent processing in V1 and suggest ways to selectively disrupt recurrent processing so that its role in visual perception can be elucidated.T he areas of the primate visual cortex are arranged in a hierarchy, with feedforward connections propagating information from lower to higher areas and feedback connections carrying information in the opposite direction, back to the lower areas (1). Feedforward and recurrent processing differ greatly in function. Feedforward connections drive neurons in the visual cortex. They shape the receptive field of neurons, causing the rapid formation of tuning properties such as orientation and direction selectivity (2) and even sensitivity to complex objects such as faces. In contrast, recurrent input, carried by feedback connections from higher areas and by horizontal connections within a visual area, is thought not to drive neurons but to mediate modulatory, contextual effects (3, 4). Recurrent connections have been suggested to be involved in attention (5-7), figure-ground segregation (8-11), and conscious visual perception (12, 13), although their precise function is not well understood. One problem in studying the role of recurrent connections has been the lack of a tool to selectively inhibit them without disrupting feedforward processing. Some studies blocked the source of recurrent processing by suppressing activity in higher-level visual areas using cooling or injections of GABA while recording in lower-level areas (9,14,15). The results of these studies vary because some showed strong effects on V1 activity (15) and a decrease in contextual modulation (9), whereas others showed no effect (14). The exact effect of recurrent input into V1, therefore, remains to be elucidated.Why might feed...

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“…To explain the greater plasticity that characterizes developing synapses, it has been suggested that the participation of NMDA receptors in synaptic activity is enhanced at early stages of development (Tsumoto et al, 1987;Fox et al, 1989;Kleckner and Dingledine, 199 1;Siviy et al, 199 1;Hestrin, 1992). Mechanisms that have been proposed for this enhancement include changes in the number of receptors (Garthwaite et al, 1987;Bode-Greuel and Singer, 1989;Trembley et al, 19891, their response properties (Cambray-Deakin et al, 1990; but see Blanton et al, 1990), or late development of GABAergic inhibition (Luhman and Prince, 1990; Agmon and O'Dowd, 1993;Burgard P21 and Hablitz, 1993).…”

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confidence: 99%

Enhanced activation of NMDA receptor responses at the immature retinogeniculate synapse

1994

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The maturation of retinogeniculate excitatory transmission and intrathalamic inhibition was studied in slices of the dorsal LGN obtained from ferrets during the first 2 postnatal months. Response to optic tract stimulation at neonatal ages consisted of slow EPSPs lasting several hundred milliseconds. Application of the NMDA receptor antagonist D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV) during the first 2 postnatal weeks resulted in EPSPs that were reduced in peak amplitude and dramatically curtailed in duration, indicating that NMDA receptors participate strongly in retinogeniculate transmission at the immature synapse. Gradually, EPSPs became shorter in duration such that after the second postnatal week, the retinogeniculate EPSPs were only a few milliseconds in duration. At this late stage of development responses were remarkably less affected by application of D-APV. These changes in contribution of NMDA receptors to retinogeniculate transmission were found to be due to the development of strong IPSPs, the result of gradual maturation of activation of GABAergic inhibition. Indeed, application of bicuculline methiodide to block GABAA receptor- mediated IPSPs strongly enhanced the NMDA component of the EPSPs in more mature cells. The voltage dependence and kinetics of NMDA-induced excitatory postsynaptic currents (NMDA EPSCs) were characterized by voltage-clamp recordings after blocking AMPA/kainate receptors with 6- cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione and GABAA receptors wit' bicuculline methiodide. The voltage dependence of the NMDA EPSCs remained unaltered with age. During the first postnatal month the kinetic properties of the NMDA EPSCs also remained unaltered, but a reduction in EPSC duration was observed within the following weeks, well after the critical period of anatomical reorganization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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The location and function of NMDA receptors in cat and kitten visual cortex

Cited by 285 publications

References 41 publications

Activity-Dependent Regulation of NMDAR1 Immunoreactivity in the Developing Visual Cortex

Activity-Dependent Regulation of NMDAR1 Immunoreactivity in the Developing Visual Cortex

Different glutamate receptors convey feedforward and recurrent processing in macaque V1

Enhanced activation of NMDA receptor responses at the immature retinogeniculate synapse

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