The Long Tail of Loop Distance for Broadband over Power Lines: Finding a New Niche for Rural Telecommunications in Brazil

Fink, Daniel; Zo, Hangjung; Rho, Jae Jeung

doi:10.1109/iccit.2008.376

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In [187,188], broadband communications over power lines are proposed as a solution for providing connectivity to rural areas. It is argued that electric utility companies cannot compete in areas where DSL or fiber broadband networks are deployed.…”

Section: F Power Line Communications (Plc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Yaacoub¹,

Alouini²

2020

Preprint

149

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Providing connectivity to around half of the world population living in rural or underprivileged areas is a tremendous challenge, but also a unique opportunity. Access to the internet would provide the population living in these areas a possibility to progress on the educational, health, environment, and business levels. In this paper, a survey of technologies for providing connectivity to rural areas, and that can help address this challenge, is provided. Although access/fronthaul and backhaul techniques are discussed in the paper, it is noted that the major limitation for providing connectivity to rural and underprivileged areas is the cost of backhaul deployment. In addition, energy requirements and cost efficiency of the studied technologies are analyzed. In fact, the challenges faced for deploying an electricity network, as a prerequisite for deploying communication networks, are huge in these areas and they are granted an important share of the discussions in this paper. Furthermore, typical application scenarios in rural areas are discussed, and several country-specific use cases are surveyed. The main initiatives by key international players aiming to provide rural connectivity are also described. Moreover, directions for future evolution of rural connectivity are outlined in the paper. Although there is no single solution that can solve all rural connectivity problems, building gradually on the current achievements in order to reach ubiquitous connectivity, while taking into account the particularities of each region and tailoring the solution accordingly, seems to be the most suitable path to follow.

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Section: F Power Line Communications (Plc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using PLC for broadband connectivity also allows utility companies to easily deploy smart meters and move into the smart grids era in rural areas [187]. Potential markets for PLC include Brazil [187] and South Asia [188].…”

Section: F Power Line Communications (Plc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Yaacoub¹,

Alouini²

2020

Preprint

149

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Section: H Power Line Communications (Plc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using PLC for broadband connectivity also allows utility companies to easily deploy smart meters and move into the smart grids era in rural areas [166]. Potential markets for PLC include Brazil [166] and South Asia [167]. PLC can be used for backbone using the medium voltage (MV) lines, for fronthaul/last mile access using low voltage (LV) lines, and for in-building or in-house wiring [167].…”

Section: H Power Line Communications (Plc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Yaacoub¹,

Alouini²

2019

Preprint

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DRAFT 4) Hyper Connected: This scenario corresponds to people enjoying state-of-the-art connectivity, e.g., at least 4G and possibly 5G cellular connectivity, and/or with high speed fixed DSL or FTTH or FTTN connectivity. These subscribers typically live in urban areas, and it is extremely difficult to find them in rural areas, due to the numerous barriers discussed previously. This paper surveys the literature aiming to provide basic connectivity to the unconnected population, or aiming to increase the connectivity level of those with basic connectivity ("Under Hence, the challenges for FSO in space are less critical, and indeed significantly better performance can be achieved, especially due to the fact that the optical signal is not traversing the atmosphere. In 2008, an optical inter-satellite link achieved a data rate transmission of 5.6 Gbps for distances up to 5, 000 km in the European Data Relay satellite System (EDRS). Newer terminals can transmit at a data rate of 1.8 Gbps for distances up to 45, 000 km. The intersatellite Ka band link achieved 300 Mbps [44]. In EDRS, LEO satellites relay the data from ground stations to GEO satellites using FSO for the GEO-LEO satellite communication, and RF bands for communication with the ground stations (similarly to the satellite-satellite Ka link, the satellite-ground Ka link achieved 300 Mbps) [44]. Some of the recent satellite constellations discussed in Section II-E, e.g., Starlink, are also expected to use FSO for its inter-satellite communication [45,46,47]. D. HAPs/Drones/UAVs/BalloonsTo solve the coverage problem in large rural areas without relying on the deployment of costly wired infrastructure for backhaul, HAPs and UAVs are generally recommended [48].UAVs are proposed in [49] to provide backhaul connectivity for ground 5G base stations. A steering algorithm to allow the antennas of the UAV and the ground BS to be dynamically steered towards each other is proposed in [49], and tested via an experimental setup. In[50], a multihop network of HAPs is proposed for providing backhaul connectivity to TVWS deployments in rural areas. The HAPs communicate with each other using mmWave frequencies, and with the ground stations using FSO.An interference alignment scheme to maximize the sum-rate capacity of HAPs communicating with GSs is proposed in [51]. The scheme assumes M HAP drones and N GSs, with no CSI at the HAPs. A tethered balloon with (M − 1) × (N − 1) antennas is used as a decode and forward (DF) relay with half-duplex operation: The HAPs transmit their data to the GSs first, then the tethered balloon relays the data after performing pre-coding [51].Aerostats filled with lighter than air gas are tethered to the ground and used to provide connectivity to rural areas in [52]. Although these tethered aerostats can be used to provide backhaul connectivity by communicating with each other using directive antennas, they were also used in [52] to provide fronthaul WiFi access by using high gain omnidirectional antennas.

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“…It does partly overcome the lack of connectivity and possibly the limited ability to use the internet effectively by people who have a low level of education. Fink et al (2008) present the case of using Power Line Carrier technology to transmit data signals through an existing power line infrastructure where a proper landline based telecommunications infrastructure is not available to support broadband access. This method appears to be very efficient in tackling the long distance problem of connection, but does not address the access points for individuals.…”

Section: Solutions Based On Mobile and Wireless Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile devices and services: bridging the digital divide in rural areas

Pimenidis

Sideridis

Antonopoulou

2009

IJESDF

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Abstract:The digital divide has been mostly affecting the world's poorest primarily due to lack of internet connectivity. A number of e-government services especially built to serve low income citizens do not reach those in need. The rapid expansion of the use of the mobile phone raises hopes that the digital divide can be bridged faster by providing services to people living in rural and remote areas. The authors review successful implementations of secure and trusted e-services available on mobile networks. These could be utilised in addressing the needs of those living in rural areas and are currently digitally marginalised.Keywords: trust; secure mobile services; rural inhabitants; digital divide; mobile payment systems.Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Pimenidis, E., Sideridis, A.B. and Antonopoulou, E. (2009) 'Mobile devices and services: bridging the digital divide in rural areas ', Int. J. Electronic Security and Digital Forensics, Vol. 2, No. 4, Biographical notes: Elias Pimenidis is a Senior Lecturer at the University of East London in the UK. The core of his research work focuses on e-business and e-government development projects. His interest in security issues is on online transactions and e-services and in particular, on the effect, these could have on e-government implementations. Other research interests include the evaluation of web services, knowledge management systems and the use of computer games for educational purposes. He is also a Visiting Lecturer at the Informatics laboratory of the Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. Mobile devices and services: bridging the digital divide in rural areas 425A.B. Sideridis is Professor in Computer Science and Head of the Informatics Laboratory of the Agricultural University of Athens. He earned his first Degree at the University of Athens and his MSc and PhD from Brunel University. He has been the project leader of more than 30 successful national and international projects and has published more than 180 scientific papers in management and decision support systems, computer networking related to local and central administration activities, advanced computational numerical modelling, informatics and impact of computers in society and agricultural informatics.E. Antonopoulou holds a diploma in Plant Science and currently is a PhD candidate in the Informatics Laboratory of the Agricultural University of Athens. Her doctorate research is focusing to Decision Support Systems design for major field crops.

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The Long Tail of Loop Distance for Broadband over Power Lines: Finding a New Niche for Rural Telecommunications in Brazil

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

Mobile devices and services: bridging the digital divide in rural areas

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