The Macrophage Responses during Diabetic Oral Ulcer Healing by Liquid Coconut Shell Smoke: An Immunohistochemical Analysis

Abstract

Objectives Liquid coconut shell smoke (LC-SS) is used in natural food preservation for a long history. The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of LC-SS in macrophage responses during diabetic oral ulcer healing as medication. Materials and Methods Oral ulcers were induced in the labial lower mucosa of the research subjects using a round steel blade following diabetic induction by means of alloxan. Twenty-four diabetic Wistar rats presenting oral ulcers were divided into two groups, a test group, which was given topical treatment of LC-SS and a control group, which was given benzydamine hydrochloride (BHCl). The role of LC-SS in macrophages was assessed by means of immunohistochemistry for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression. Result LC-SS increased macrophages compared with BHCl (p = 0.000). The LC-SS affected only TNF-α expression by stimulating NF-κB expression (p = 0.046) but did not macrophage numbers (p = 0.861). Conclusion LC-SS has a stronger effect compared with BHCl on diabetic oral ulcer healing by increasing macrophage response to produce TNF-α while decreasing NF-κB expression.

Role of Inflammatory Cell Responses in Stimulating Fibroblasts in Diabetic Oral Ulcer after Treatment with Liquid Smoke of Coconut Endocarp: A Histological Assessment

“…15 This study is a corroborating evidence that LS-CE can affect the healing of diabetic oral ulcer by affecting the inflammatory cell responses. The result of this study also confirmed the two previous studies that LS-CE also affects the macrophages by directly inhibiting the inflammatory process 28 and increasing the collagen density, 15 thus increasing the ulcer healing. 16 The limitation of this study lies in the single dose of LS-CE.…”

“…The LS-CE was also able to stimulate the fibroblasts by increasing the macrophage recruitment. 28 The correlation between the increased number of fibroblasts and macrophages is due to the macrophage function that promotes the proliferation of fibroblasts. 29 The macrophage is mainly divided into regulatory macrophages and wound-healing macrophages.…”

The NF-kB and Collagen Type 1 Expression in Dental Pulp after Treated Calcium Hydroxide Combined with Propolis

“…Inhibition of the NF-kB decreases the production of proinflammation, cytokine-like tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). 19 20 In open pulp, an inflammatory reaction occurs, characteristic of increased proinflammatory cytokines production, which causes a delay in the healing process. Treatment with calcium hydroxide will inhibit the NF-kB expression and reduce the production of cytokine proinflammation.…”

The Role of Rice Hull Liquid Smoke in the Traumatic Ulcer Healing

“…Recruitment of macrophages plays a important role in healing process of traumatic ulcers. 35 Macrophages play a role in the wound healing process of M1 polarization in the initial stages of wound healing and the properties of M2 polarization expression during the later stages of wound healing. M1 macrophages mediate tissue damage and have a proinflammatory effect, while M2 macrophages function in cleansing debris, induction of angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling.…”