The Magnetosphere

Schulz, Michael

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-378674-6.50008-x

Cited by 86 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 225 publications

(255 reference statements)

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“…from the above potential are usually taken in the terrestrial context to be normal to the magnetic Ðeld. It has been pointed out by Straus & Schulz (1976) and Schulz (1991) that this condition must be violated in the region of the auroral oval. This corresponds to i.e., the iono-L \ L * , spheric footprint of the magnetic shell that extends to the magnetopause and the current sheet.…”

Section: Electric Fields and Birkeland Currentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This corresponds to i.e., the iono-L \ L * , spheric footprint of the magnetic shell that extends to the magnetopause and the current sheet. Schulz (1991) notes that at the Earth this corresponds to the region of the socalled Birkeland currents driven through the ionospheric resistance by such parallel electric Ðelds. Indeed, the appropriate discontinuity in the meridional component of the electric Ðeld is observed on Earth.…”

Section: Electric Fields and Birkeland Currentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electric potential function is taken to be that used by Schulz (1991) and by Volland (1984), who dealt with the terrestrial magnetotail Ðeld, namely, that imposed by a uniform external Ðeld on a dielectric cylinder. These investigators found that a quadratic is the most appropriate power of L .…”

Section: Electric Fields and Birkeland Currentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Excitation of the Ganymede Ultraviolet Aurora

Eviatar

Strobel

Wolven

et al. 2001

ApJ

100

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We analyze the ultraviolet aurorae observed on Ganymede by means of the Hubble Space T elescope and compare them to similar phenomena on Earth. We Ðnd that the tenuous nature of GanymedeÏs atmosphere precludes excitation of the aurora by high-energy electrons and requires a local acceleration mechanism. We propose the following as plausible mechanisms for generating both the continuous background emission and the intense auroral bright spots :1. Birkeland-type currents and associated magnetic ÐeldÈaligned electric Ðelds. 2. The stochastic heating of plasma electrons by the Landau damping of electron plasma oscillations generated by precipitated energetic electrons.We conclude that the electron density in the bright regions may attain local values as high as 105 cm~3.

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Section: Electric Fields and Birkeland Currentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electric Fields and Birkeland Currentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Excitation of the Ganymede Ultraviolet Aurora

Eviatar

Strobel

Wolven

et al. 2001

ApJ

100

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“…Features similar to these, albeit less pronounced, also appear regularly in high-energy electron channels of GPS instruments. As Schulz has observed, 16 profiles of counting rates above a fixed energy threshold like those plotted in Fig. 12 provide a less than optimal picture of the underlying radial-transport processes and their consequences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase-Space Density Analyses of the AE-8 Trapped Electron and the AP-8 Trapped Proton Model Environments

Cayton¹

2005

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“…is the sum of magnetic and electric terms, respectively [Schulz, 1991]. The last three terms on the right hand side of (1) …”

Section: Time Rates Of Changementioning

confidence: 99%

CRRES observations of radiation belt protons: 2. Time‐dependent radial diffusion

Albert¹,

Ginet²

1998

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. Flux measurements made by CRRES of high-energy, equatorially mirroring protons in the range L _< 3 are observed to differ greatly from diffusive steady state profiles, both before the magnetic storm of March 24, 1991, and during two intervals following it. Time rates of change of the phase space density f are obtained from time series of the observations and compared to those calculated from the time-dependent radial diffusion equation using profiles from the time averages of the observations. In general, good agreement is obtained for E _< 20 MeV, indicating that the outer zone protons were undergoing diffusive relaxation from highly disturbed configurations. Such a configuration is known to have been produced by the March 1991 storm, and we hypothesize that a similarly disruptive event occurred prior to the CRRES launch. For particle energy above 20 MeV or L > 3, limitations in the instrument sensitivity and integration time preclude a quantitative comparison.

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The Magnetosphere

Cited by 86 publications

References 225 publications

Excitation of the Ganymede Ultraviolet Aurora

Excitation of the Ganymede Ultraviolet Aurora

Phase-Space Density Analyses of the AE-8 Trapped Electron and the AP-8 Trapped Proton Model Environments

CRRES observations of radiation belt protons: 2. Time‐dependent radial diffusion

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