The mechanism exploration of the non‐colonic toxicity and obesity inhibition of food‐grade κ‐carrageenan by transcriptome

Abstract

Carrageenan, extracted from red algae such as Chondrks crispus, Gigartina stdata, and Eucheuma species, is a kind of plant colloid consisting of native polysaccharides (Rees, 1963;Tobacman, 2001).Carrageenan is composed of sulfated galactose and 3, 6-dehydrated galactose, which form a carbon backbone and are linked by alternating α-1,3 and β-1,4 linkages. In general, carrageenan can be mainly divided into κ, ι and λ subtypes due to the different extracted sources, the galactose linkages conformation and the degree and position of

Obesogens in Foods

“…Because humans are already heavily exposed to environmental obesogens in the form of plastics, pesticides, herbicides, industrial products, and personal care products, compounds intentionally added to foods, such as certain artificial sweeteners, phytoestrogens, preservatives, added sugars (e.g., corn syrup with a high fructose content) deserve special attention. Furthermore, it has already been proven that many obesogens are found in animals and their products, which we then use as food [106][107][108][109][110][111].…”

“…Carrageenan Is able to affect glucose tolerance, increase insulin resistance and inhibit insulin signaling in in vivo mouse liver cells and human HepG2 cells, promote significant changes in gene expression related to metabolism and lowering of adipokine genes, as well as lipogenesis, absorption, and transport of lipids. Adipolysis and oxidation increase [111,112].…”

“…Carrageenan This is a hydrocolloid substance, commonly present in chocolate milk and ice cream, that is able to impair glucose tolerance, increase insulin resistance, and inhibit insulin signaling in in vivo mouse liver cells and human HepG2 cells. A study on mice from 2021 showed a significant change in gene expression related to lipid metabolism, especially in the decreased gene levels of adipocytokines, lipogenesis, lipid absorption, and transport, and the increased genes for adipolysis and oxidation after carrageenan exposure [111,112].…”

Algal polysaccharides and derivatives as potential therapeutics for obesity and related metabolic diseases

“…According to the study, changes in intestinal gene expression related to lipid metabolism may be the mechanism for the anti-obesity effect of food-grade κ-carrageenan that decreased lipid utilization and synthesis, and increased hydrolysis and consumption. 103 Meanwhile, body weight, abdominal and liver fat, systolic blood pressure, plasma total cholesterol concentration, and plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities are reduced by Iota(ι)-carrageenan. Compared with previous study with K. alvarezii as a source of κ-carrageenan, these results provide evidence that dietary-induced metabolic syndrome symptoms in rats can be altered by red seaweeds containing compounds such as sulfated polysaccharides (carrageenans).…”