The Menstrual Cycle and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Review

Olsson, Håkan; Olsson, Mia

doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.00021

Cited by 42 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Moreover, testosterone use reduces breast tissue density [ 51 ], and dense breast tissue has been shown to be a risk factor for breast malignancy [ 52 ]. Another risk factor for breast malignancy is a high number of menstruation cycles and high lifetime menstruation activity [ 53 ]. Testosterone could have an antiproliferative effect by suppressing the menstruation cycles in FtM transsexuals [13] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast malignancy in female-to-male transsexuals: systematic review, case report, and recommendations for screening

et al. 2020

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Background Female-to-male (FtM) transsexuals may use testosterone therapy for masculinization, which potentially influences the risk of breast cancer development. Guided by our case report, we aimed to investigate the evidence regarding the risk of testosterone therapy on breast malignancy in female-to-male transsexuals and evaluate breast cancer screening in this subgroup. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search according to the PRISMA checklist in June 2020 in PubMed/MEDLINE and Ovid/EMBASE. Reference lists of included articles were screened to find additional articles that met the inclusion criteria. All cohort studies and case reports evaluating breast cancer in FtM transsexuals after testosterone therapy were included. Results We found 23 cases of FtM transsexuals who developed breast cancer after testosterone therapy, including our own case. Moreover, we evaluated ten retrospective cohort studies investigating breast malignancy in the transsexual population. The cohort studies showed no elevated risk in FtM transsexuals compared to natal women. Including our own case, nine cases were described in which breast malignancy was incidentally found during routine histological examination after mastectomy. High-level evidence for a correlation between testosterone therapy and breast malignancy is missing. Conclusion Few cases are described of FtM transsexuals with breast malignancy. However, cases such as these make physicians aware of the possibility of breast cancer in FtM transsexuals. Radiological screening of FtM transsexuals for breast cancer prior to mastectomy and histological screening of the mammalian tissue after mastectomy should be considered; physicians should decide together with every individual FtM transsexual if screening is necessary.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast malignancy in female-to-male transsexuals: systematic review, case report, and recommendations for screening

et al. 2020

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“…Nipple aspiration fluid (NAF) cytology is considered as predictor for breast cancer [ 23 ], with a high diagnostic specificity (0.97), but a low sensitivity (0.64) which limits diagnostic accuracy [ 24 ]. As hormonal stimulation of the breast tissue plays a considerable role in breast carcinogenesis and for the length of the menstrual cycle (MC), the latter might be relevant for breast cancer risk [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Intake of Isoflavones on Risk Factors of Breast Cancer—A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Intervention Studies

2021

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Epidemiological studies suggest that high intake of soy isoflavones may protect against breast cancer, but causal relationships can only be established by experimental trials. Thus, we aimed to provide a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of an isoflavone intake on risk factors of breast cancer in healthy subjects. After a systematic literature search in PubMed, 18 different RCTs with pre- and/or postmenopausal women were included and investigated for details according to the PRISMA guideline. In these studies, isoflavones were provided by soy food or supplements in amounts between 36.5–235 mg/d for a period of 1–36 months. Breast density, estrogens including precursors, metabolites, estrogen response such as length of menstrual cycle, and markers of proliferation and inflammation were considered. However, in most studies, differences were not detectable between isoflavone and control/placebo treatment despite a good adherence to isoflavone treatment, irrespective of the kind of intervention, the dose of isoflavones used, and the duration of isoflavone treatment. However, the lack of significant changes in most studies does not prove the lack of effects as a sample size calculation was often missing. Taking into account the risk of bias and methodological limitations, there is little evidence that isoflavone treatment modulates risk factors of breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women. Future studies should calculate the sample size to detect possible effects and consider methodological details to improve the study quality.

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“…Every month cyclic hormones activate stem cells to begin preparing the endometrium or breast tissue for an eventual pregnancy without this event actually occurring, and a default programme is then invoked to reset the calendar. Besides the accompanying menstruation and/or mental disruption this provokes, it has been also suggested that this activation/reset system is one factor predisposing women to reproductive tissue cancer ( Olsson and Olsson, 2020 ). Second, contraceptive systems have been developed to provide planning for reproduction to coincide with an optimal economic environment.…”

Section: Age and Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Physiology of Reproduction – Quo vadis?

Ivell

Anand‐Ivell

2021

Front. Physiol.

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The reproductive system in males and females reflects a highly dynamic underlying physiology. Yet our current understanding of this system is still largely based upon relatively simplistic snapshots of individual component cells and tissues. Gamete production as well as gonadal hormone synthesis and its influence are the manifestations of dynamic and redundant informational networks and processes, whose qualitative and quantitative dimensions, especially through development from embryo through puberty and adulthood into ageing, are still largely uncharted. Whilst the recent huge advances in molecular science have helped to describe the components of the reproductive system in ever greater detail, how these interact and function in space and time dimensions is still largely obscure. Recent developments in microfluidics, stem cell biology, and the integration of single-cell transcriptomics with tissue dynamics are offering possible methodological solutions to this issue. Such knowledge is essential if we are to understand not only the normal healthy functioning of this system, but also how and why it is affected in disease or by external impacts such as those from environmental endocrine disruptors, or in ageing. Moreover, operating within a complex network of other physiological systems, its integrational capacity is much more than the generation of male and female gametes and their roles in fertility and infertility; rather, it represents the underpinning support for health and well-being across the lifespan, through pregnancy, puberty, and adulthood, into old age.

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The Menstrual Cycle and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Review

Cited by 42 publications

References 38 publications

Breast malignancy in female-to-male transsexuals: systematic review, case report, and recommendations for screening

Breast malignancy in female-to-male transsexuals: systematic review, case report, and recommendations for screening

Effect of the Intake of Isoflavones on Risk Factors of Breast Cancer—A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Intervention Studies

The Physiology of Reproduction – Quo vadis?

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