The Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease: Part I

Abstract

The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of metabolic risk factors and physical conditions that are accompanied by an enhanced propensity toward the development of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. It presents a combination of atherosclerosis risk including atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, elevated plasma glucose, hypercoagulability, and a proinflammatory state. The 2 major underlying risk factors for the metabolic syndrome are obesity and insulin resistance. Exacerbating factors are physical inactivity, advancing age, and endocrine and genetic factors. Associated hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and elevated adipokine levels (adipose cytokines) lead to vascular endothelial dysfunction, an abnormal lipid profile, hypertension, and vascular inflammation, all of which promote the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this 2-part series, the authors present an up-to-date and detailed systematic review of the literature on this important topic.

Inflammatory markers and metabolic syndrome among adolescents

“…17 A proinflammatory state, as indicated by increased circulating TNF-a and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, and a prothrombotic state, evidenced by increased PAI-1 levels, are often observed in MetS patients. 18 Other studies demonstrated that high-sensitivity C-reactive protein is an independent predictor for myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral artery disease and sudden cardiac death. 19 In addition, an elevated PAI-1 level was a predictor of the occurrence of myocardial infarction.…”

Uticaj dijetoterapije na koncentraciju lipida i glukoze u serumu gojaznih bolesnika sa hipertenzijom

“…Dijetoterapijom i dodatkom suplemenata po tipu nutriceutika može se povoljno uticati na redukciju dislipidemija, a posebno kod osoba koje su netolerantne na statine [2][3][4][5][6]. Novija istraživanja ukazuju na značaj visceralne gojaznosti u nastanku karakterističnih lipidnih poremećaja, kao što je povišen nivo triglicerida i trigliceridima bogatih VLDL partikula.…”

“…Te studije su potvrdile tijesnu povezanost između gojaznosti, insulinske rezistencije, hipertenzije i dislipidemija koje su udruženo dovodile do niza komplikacija, odnosno do metaboličkog sindroma. Ovo stanje pogoršavala je i fizička neaktivnost, starost, genetska predispozicija, udruženi sa dislipidemijom i hiperglikemijom, kakva je bila i naša grupa ispitanika [2].…”

Perturbation of glycerol metabolism in hepatocytes from n3-PUFA-depleted rats

“…Its major characteristics include insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity and hypertension (1,2). Nutritional pattern plays an important role in the development and progression of the metabolic syndrome (3,4).…”

“…Metabolic syndrome is a common disease associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (1,2). Its major characteristics include insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity and hypertension (1,2).…”