The Monomer–Dimer Equilibrium of Triscatechol Titanium(IV)-Based Hierarchical Helicates as a Tool for the Development of Molecular Balances and Molecular Switches

Abstract

Metrics & MoreArticle Recommendations CONSPECTUS: Hierarchical helicates are formed by noncovalent connection of two or more monomeric metal complex units, e.g., by bridging metal cations. A unique kind of hierarchical helicate is obtained from 3-carbonyl substituted catechol ligands with titanium(IV) ions in the presence of lithium cations. This kind of supramolecular complex shows in solution a "monomer−dimer" equilibrium. There are different possibilities (solvent, countercation, substituents at carbonyl unit, etc.) to shift this equilibrium to either the monomer or the dimer side. Thus, the lithiumbridged catecholate-based hierarchical helicates resemble a molecular switch. In this Account, different aspects are discussed of how this unique behavior of the dimeric titanium catecholates can be used for application. Thorough investigation of the energetics of the monomer−dimer equilibrium leads to a deeper understanding of the thermodynamic and kinetic effects of the dimerization (or dissociation) process. In this context, even weak interaction of substituents in the periphery of the complexes can be observed. Hereby on the one hand, solvent effects have an important influence and can be easily evaluated. The thorough understanding of the behavior of the monomer−dimer equilibrium allows one to develop some novel applications. In this respect, the use of the hierarchical helicate-based switch as a platform for reaction control and catalysis is described. Decent enantioselectivities up to ee = 58% can be found in Diels−Alder reactions in the periphery of the dimers, while switching to the monomer as a reaction platform still allows the cycloaddition reaction but turns the selectivity off. Additionally, it is described that catalytically important units can be introduced and hydrogenation reactions as well as Michael-type reactions are catalyzed at the helicates. Covalent connection of two catechol ester units leads to classical helicates. Depending on the alkaline metal cation, those can be switched from a compressed to an expanded form or vice versa. Hereby the monomer−dimer equilibrium is transformed into a structural switch. The switching process can be initiated by removal or addition of lithium cations (e.g., by addition of [2.1.1]cryptand). Alternative switching possibilities are based in the case of glycol bridged helicates on cation translocation isomerism and with thioester derivatives it occurs spontaneously in DMSO. Introduction of chiral tethers results in a three state switch allowing expansion/compression as well as switching of the helicity.

Aromatic‐Carbonyl Interactions as an Emerging Type of Non‐Covalent Interactions

“…The favoring of the isomer adopting aromatic‐carbonyl interaction (ON) over those without it (OFF) echoes structurally rigid conformational balances employed for measuring non‐covalent interactions. [ 15 ]…”