The morphology of thermally graphitized P-33 carbon black in relation to its adsorbent uniformity

Graham, Donald; Kay, Walter S

doi:10.1016/0095-8522(61)90016-2

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Its TEM image of Carbopack F was reported in Nguyen et al (2013) and Horikawa et al (2015), and it shows the multi-facets of the basal plane composed of graphene layers. Similar image was also reported for P-33 (Graham and Kay, 1961), which was known as the most homogeneous graphitized carbon black, for comparison. Recent results of SEM and TEM (Yoshizawa et al, 2006(Yoshizawa et al, , 2008(Yoshizawa et al, , 2010) also show the polyhedron shape of particles of carbon black graphitized at temperatures greater than 2500C.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 62%

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The interplay between molecular layering and clustering in adsorption of gases on graphitized thermal carbon black – Spill-over phenomenon and the important role of strong sites

Tan

Zeng

et al. 2015

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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We analyse in detail our experimental data, our simulation results and data from the literature, for the adsorption of argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methanol, ammonia and water on graphitized carbon black (GTCB), and show that there are two mechanisms of adsorption at play, and that their interplay governs how different gases adsorb on the surface by either: (1) molecular layering on the basal plane or (2) clustering around very strong sites on the adsorbate whose affinity is much greater than that of the basal plane or the functional groups. Depending on the concentration of the very strong sites or the functional groups, the temperature and the relative strength of the three interactions, (a) fluid-strong sites (fine crevices and functional group) (F-SS), (b) fluid-basal plane (FB) and (c) fluid-fluid (FF), the uptake of adsorbate tends to be dominated by one mechanism. However, there are conditions (temperature and adsorbate) where two mechanisms can both govern the uptake. For simple gases, like argon, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, adsorption proceeds by molecular layering on the basal plane of graphene, but for water which represents an extreme case of a polar molecule, clustering around the strong sites or the functional groups at the edges of the graphene layers is the major mechanism of adsorption and there is little or no adsorption on the basal planes because the F-SS and FF interactions are far stronger than the FB interaction. For adsorptives with lower polarity, exemplified by methanol or ammonia, the adsorption mechanism switches from clustering to layering in the order: ammonia, methanol; and we suggest that the bridging between these two mechanisms is a molecular spill-over phenomenon, which has not been previously proposed in the literature in the context of physical adsorption.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 62%

“…GTCB particles have a polyhedron shape Graham and Kay, 1961;Yoshizawa et al, 2006Yoshizawa et al, , 2008Yoshizawa et al, , 2010, and despite its homogeneous basal plane it possesses high energy sites at the junctions between the adjacent basal planes (Donnet, 1993(Donnet, , 1994.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interplay between molecular layering and clustering in adsorption of gases on graphitized thermal carbon black – Spill-over phenomenon and the important role of strong sites

Tan

Zeng

et al. 2015

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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“…The precise structure of the graphitized particles depends on the nature of the original carbon black. In some cases, relatively large, discrete particles are formed, 86 while other graphitized carbon blacks have a less well-defined structure, with many bent and faceted layer planes and some apparently closed shell structures. 87,88 The presence of faceted planes and closed structures in the heattreated carbon is indicative of the presence of pentagonal rings, and suggests that fullerene-like elements may have been present in the original particles.…”

Section: Effect Of High-temperature Heat Treatment On Carbon Black Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Perspectives on the Structure of Graphitic Carbons

Harris

2005

Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences

366

251

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Graphitic forms of carbon are important in a wide variety of applications, ranging from pollution control to composite materials, yet the structure of these carbons at the molecular level is poorly understood. The discovery of fullerenes and fullerene-related structures such as carbon nanotubes has given a new perspective on the structure of solid carbon. This review aims to show how the new knowledge gained as a result of research on fullerene-related carbons can be applied to well-known forms of carbon such as microporous carbon, glassy carbon, carbon fibers, and carbon black.

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“…18a, taken from the work of Graham and Kay. 49 Other graphitised carbon blacks have a less well defined structure as in Fig. 18b, from the work of Marsh and co-workers, 50 with many bent and faceted layer planes and some apparently closed shell structures.…”

Section: Soot and Carbon Blackmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of non-graphitising carbons

Harris¹

1997

International Materials Reviews

198

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Despite many years of research, the detailed atomic structure of many important carbon materials remains poorly understood. In particular, the structure of those carbons which can not be transformed into graphite by high temperature heat treatment has never been clearly established. These non-graphitising carbons are of considerable commercial importance in a variety of fields, and a better understanding of their structure is clearly needed. Recently, it has been suggested that non-graphitising carbons may have a microstructure which is related to that of fullerenes. In the present paper, the evidence for this will be considered in detail and the advantages of the new model over previous models of non-graphitising carbons will be discussed. As well as microporous nongraphitising carbons, other forms of carbon including glassy carbon and carbon fibres will be considered.IMRj304 IntroductionAlthough graphite is the most stable form of carbon at normal temperatures and pressures, it is a remarkable fact that many carbons can not be transformed into crystalline graphite even at temperatures of 3000°C and above. The so called 'non-graphitising' carbons tend to be hard, low density materials, with isotropic, microporous structures. 1 -6 In contrast, graphitising carbons are soft and non-porous, with densities much closer to that of crystalline graphite. Nongraphitising carbons can develop exceptionally high surface areas when 'activated' by treatment with a mild oxidising agent, and the resulting activated carbons are widely used as adsorbents and as catalyst supports. 4 -6 Despite their commercial importance, however, the detailed structure of these carbons at the atomic level is still poorly understood. The traditional view is that the microstructure consists of twisted networks of carbon layer planes crosslinked by bridging groups, explaining both their hardness and their resistance to graphitisation, 2 but the precise nature of such bridging groups has never been properly established. Earlier suggestions that Sp3bonding may be present in non-graphitising carbons do not appear to stand up to detailed analysis, as discussed in the 'Problems with early models' section later. The relatively recent discovery of the fullerenes,7-9 and subsequently of related structures such as carbon nanotubes 10 -12 and nanoparticles,13,14 has given us a new perspective on Sp2 bonded carbon structures. Most importantly, we now know that carbon structures containing non-six membered rings can be highly stable. It therefore seems worth considering the idea that microporous non-graphitising carbons may be fullerene-like in nature. Recent work has provided support for this view by showing that high temperature heat treatments can transform microporous carbons into fullerene like nanoparticles. 15 The purpose of the present paper is to consider further the evidence that non-graphitising carbons contain fullerene related elements. In addition to microporous carbons, a related class of non-graphitising carbon known as glassy carbon will also...

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The morphology of thermally graphitized P-33 carbon black in relation to its adsorbent uniformity

Cited by 23 publications

References 6 publications

The interplay between molecular layering and clustering in adsorption of gases on graphitized thermal carbon black – Spill-over phenomenon and the important role of strong sites

The interplay between molecular layering and clustering in adsorption of gases on graphitized thermal carbon black – Spill-over phenomenon and the important role of strong sites

New Perspectives on the Structure of Graphitic Carbons

Structure of non-graphitising carbons

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