The most basal ankylosaurine dinosaur from the Albian–Cenomanian of China, with implications for the evolution of the tail club

Zheng, Wenjie; Jin, Xiao‐Feng; Azuma, Yoichi; Wang, Qiongying; Xu, Xing

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21924-7

Cited by 16 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Surprisingly, the ankylosaurid Crichtonpelta clusters near the polacanthines and not the other ankylosaurids. These PCA results for Zheng et al (2018) help to show why it is so difficult to classify polacanthines: some of their features are more ankylosaurid-like and some are more nodosaurid-like. It is likely, given these results, that ankylosaurs as a whole are a single holobaramin.…”

Section: B Pca-defined Holobaraminsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…These patterns suggest that all of Ankylosauria might be a holobaramin. Interestingly, the results from the Zheng et al (2018) analysis show two different patterns. Comparing PC 1 and PC 2 results in a series of nodosaurids and a separate cluster of ankylosaurids.…”

Section: B Pca-defined Holobaraminsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The matrix for Ankylosauria consisted of 178 characters for 55 taxa (Zheng 2018). We examined the 21 taxa with at least 50% of their character states known.…”

Section: Doran Et Al ◀ Dinosaur Baraminology ▶ 2018 Iccmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Dinosauria: Baraminological and multivariate patterns

Doran¹,

McLain²,

Young³

et al. 2018

PICC

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The Dinosauria pose both interesting and challenging questions for creationist systematists. One question is whether new dinosaur discoveries are closing morphospatial gaps between dinosaurian groups, revealing continuous morphological fossil series, such as between coelurosaurians and avialans. Questions such as these underscore the importance of systematics for resolving correct group memberships, including tools for visualizing morphospatial relationships. Baraminic distance correlation (BDC), three-dimensional multidimensional scaling (MDS), and a new method to baraminic studies -principal component analysis (PCA) -were applied to 18 character matrices from 2004. The data included saurischian and ornithischian dinosaur groups including (1) "basal" Saurischia, (2) Ceratosauria (including Coelophysidae), (3) "basal" Tetanurae, (4) Tyrannosauroidea, (5) "Prosauropoda", (6) Sauropoda, (7) Maniraptoriformes, (8) Therizinosauroidea, and (9) Oviraptorosauria. The ornithischians included (10) "basal" Thyreophora, (11) Stegosauria, (12) Ankylosauria, (13) "basal" Ornithopoda, (14) "basal" Iguanodontia, (15) Hadrosauridae, (16) Pachycephalosauria, (17) "basal" Ceratopsia, and (18) Ceratopsidae. BDC and MDS revealed several potential holobaramins and apobaramins, and PCA identified some divisions not recognized by the traditional methods, but since the datasets are 14 years old, many important taxa are missing.As a result, we performed PCA on 19 newer datasets (from 2009 to 2018) and compared the results, which revealed a substantially clearer picture since only 2004. Dinosaur group ordinations commonly occur within morphospatial clusters or linear series. Holobaramins were revealed mainly as closely-spaced morphospatial series of taxa. Some series were additionally stratomorphic. Assuming holobaramins are discontinuity-bounded morphospatial series of taxa, we estimate 27 potential holobaramins within the newer data. PCA revealed that bird-dinosaur morphospatial relationships vary by dataset. Paravians likely contain two branching morphoseries, connected at the base by dromaeosaurs and avialans. The two morphoseries are functional/ecological, rather than evolutionary. Multivariate analysis offers the potential to improve our understanding of baramins and discontinuity, and provide a new perspective on questions in creation systematics such as bird-dinosaur relationships.

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Section: B Pca-defined Holobaraminsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: B Pca-defined Holobaraminsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The Dinosauria: Baraminological and multivariate patterns

Doran¹,

McLain²,

Young³

et al. 2018

PICC

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“…Although small femora have not been described for Triceratops, those from juveniles, subadults, and adults of other ceratopsids are characterized by a fourth trochanter that is more proximally placed on the femur relative to the condition in RAM 9396 and Hadrosauridae (e.g., Lehman 1989). The shafts of ankylosaur femora for individuals of various sizes tend to be much more cranio-caudally compressed than seen in hadrosaurids or RAM 9396, and ankylosaur femora are overall more "robust" (relatively broader shaft relative to length) than hadrosaurid femora even at small size (Carpenter 2004;Currie et al 2011;Zheng et al 2018). Thus, in overall form, major aspects of the femoral anatomy in RAM 9396 match those seen in much larger Edmontosaurus annectens (as outlined below).…”

Section: Taxonomic Referralmentioning

confidence: 99%

A juvenile cf. Edmontosaurus annectens (Ornithischia, Hadrosauridae) femur documents a poorly represented growth stage for this taxon

Farke¹,

Yip

2019

Vert. Anat. Morph. Palaeo.

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A nearly complete, but isolated, femur of a small hadrosaurid from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana is tentatively referred to Edmontosaurus annectens. At 28 cm long, the element can be classified as that from an “early juvenile” individual, approximately 24 percent of the maximum known femur length for this species. Specimens from this size range and age class have not been described previously for E. annectens. Notable trends with increasing body size include increasingly distinct separation of the femoral head and greater trochanter, relative increase in the size of the cranial trochanter, a slight reduction in the relative breadth of the fourth trochanter, and a relative increase in the prominence of the cranial intercondylar groove. The gross profile of the femoral shaft is fairly consistent between the smallest and largest individuals. Although an ontogenetic change from relatively symmetrical to an asymmetrical shape in the fourth trochanter has been suggested previously, the new juvenile specimen shows an asymmetric fourth trochanter. Thus, there may not be a consistent ontogenetic pattern in trochanteric morphology. An isometric relationship between femoral circumference and femoral length is confirmed for Edmontosaurus. Overall ontogenetic trends in the femur of Edmontosaurus are concordant with patterns seen in other Hadrosauridae, supporting a fairly conserved pattern of development for this element within the clade.

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“…Modified from Ő si et al[13: Fig 15]. The phylogenetic relationship of ankylosaurs followed Zheng et al[16].https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247969.g004…”

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confidence: 99%

Dental microwear of a basal ankylosaurine dinosaur, Jinyunpelta and its implication on evolution of chewing mechanism in ankylosaurs

et al. 2021

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Jinyunpelta sinensis is a basal ankylosaurine dinosaur excavated from the mid Cretaceous Liangtoutang Formation of Jinyun County, Zhejiang Province, China. In the present study, its dental microwear was observed using a confocal laser microscope. Jinyunpelta had steep wear facets that covered most of buccal surfaces of posterior dentary teeth. Observation of dental microwear on the wear facet revealed that scratch orientation varied according to its location within the wear facet: vertically (i.e. apicobasally) oriented scratches were dominant in the upper half of the wear facet, and horizontally (i.e. mesiolaterally) oriented ones were in the bottom of the facet. These findings indicated that Jinyunpelta adopted precise tooth occlusion and biphasal jaw movement (orthal closure and palinal lower jaw movement). The biphasal jaw movement was widely observed among nodosaurids, among ankylosaurids, it was previously only known from the Late Cretaceous North American taxa, and not known among Asian ankylosaurids. The finding of biphasal jaw movement in Jinyunpelta showed sophisticate feeding adaptations emerged among ankylosaurids much earlier (during Albian or Cenomanian) than previously thought (during Campanian). The Evolution of the biphasal jaw mechanism that contemporaneously occurred among two lineages of ankylosaurs, ankylosaurids and nodosaurids, showed high evolutionary plasticity of ankylosaur jaw mechanics.

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The most basal ankylosaurine dinosaur from the Albian–Cenomanian of China, with implications for the evolution of the tail club

Cited by 16 publications

References 33 publications

The Dinosauria: Baraminological and multivariate patterns

The Dinosauria: Baraminological and multivariate patterns

A juvenile cf. Edmontosaurus annectens (Ornithischia, Hadrosauridae) femur documents a poorly represented growth stage for this taxon

Dental microwear of a basal ankylosaurine dinosaur, Jinyunpelta and its implication on evolution of chewing mechanism in ankylosaurs

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