The Mouse Hypothalamus

Schröder, Hannsjörg; Moser, Natasha; Huggenberger, Stefan

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19898-5_9

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 65 publications

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“…In fact, one of its main functions is Biology 2023, 12, 1319 2 of 14 to control the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. Several nuclei are present in this little region of the brain, which can be subdivided into three mediolateral compartments (lateral, medial, and periventricular) and four anteroposterior compartments (preoptic, anterior, tuberal, and mammillary) [1,2]. The hypophyseal stalk, which contains the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract projecting mostly from the magnocellular neurons populating the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei to the neurohypophysis, connects the hypothalamus to the hypophysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hypothalamus of the Beaked Whales: The Paraventricular, Supraoptic, and Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

Sacchini,

Bombardi,

Arbelo

et al. 2023

Biology

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The hypothalamus is the body’s control coordinating center. It is responsible for maintaining the body’s homeostasis by directly influencing the autonomic nervous system or managing hormones. Beaked whales are the longest divers among cetaceans and their brains are rarely available for study. Complete hypothalamic samples from a female Cuvier’s beaked whale and a male Blainville’s beaked whale were processed to investigate the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei, using immunohistochemical staining against vasopressin. The PVN occupied the preoptic region, where it reached its maximum size, and then regressed in the anterior or suprachiasmatic region. The SON was located from the preoptic to the tuberal hypothalamic region, encompassing the optical structures. It was composed of a retrochiasmatic region (SONr), which bordered and infiltrated the optic tracts, and a principal region (SONp), positioned more medially and dorsally. A third vasopressin-positive nucleus was also detected, i.e., the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which marked the end of the SON. This is the first description of the aforementioned nuclei in beaked whales—and in any marine mammals—as well as their rostro-caudal extent and immunoreactivity. Moreover, the SCN has been recognized for the first time in any marine mammal species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hypothalamus of the Beaked Whales: The Paraventricular, Supraoptic, and Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

Sacchini,

Bombardi,

Arbelo

et al. 2023

Biology

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Ontogenetic rules for the molecular diversification of hypothalamic neurons

2022

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Sex differences in glutamate transmission and plasticity in reward related regions

Kniffin,

Briand

2024

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Disruptions in glutamate homeostasis within the mesolimbic reward circuitry may play a role in the pathophysiology of various reward related disorders such as major depressive disorders, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Clear sex differences have emerged in the rates and symptom severity of these disorders which may result from differing underlying mechanisms of glutamatergic signaling. Indeed, preclinical models have begun to uncover baseline sex differences throughout the brain in glutamate transmission and synaptic plasticity. Glutamatergic synaptic strength can be assessed by looking at morphological features of glutamatergic neurons including spine size, spine density, and dendritic branching. Likewise, electrophysiology studies evaluate properties of glutamatergic neurons to provide information of their functional capacity. In combination with measures of glutamatergic transmission, synaptic plasticity can be evaluated using protocols that induce long-term potentiation or long-term depression. This review will consider preclinical rodent literature directly comparing glutamatergic transmission and plasticity in reward related regions of males and females. Additionally, we will suggest which regions are exhibiting evidence for sexually dimorphic mechanisms, convergent mechanisms, or no sex differences in glutamatergic transmission and plasticity and highlight gaps in the literature for future investigation.

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The Mouse Hypothalamus

Cited by 3 publications

References 65 publications

The Hypothalamus of the Beaked Whales: The Paraventricular, Supraoptic, and Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

The Hypothalamus of the Beaked Whales: The Paraventricular, Supraoptic, and Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

Ontogenetic rules for the molecular diversification of hypothalamic neurons

Sex differences in glutamate transmission and plasticity in reward related regions

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