The multifaceted roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in peanut responses to salt, drought, and cold stress

Abstract

Background Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are beneficial microorganisms in soil-plant interactions; however, the underlying mechanisms regarding their roles in legumes environmental stress remain elusive. Present trials were undertaken to study the effect of AMF on the ameliorating of salt, drought, and cold stress in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants. A new product of AMF combined with Rhizophagus irregularis SA, Rhizophagus clarus BEG142, Glomus lamellosum ON393, and Funneliformis mosseae BEG95 (1: 1: 1: 1, w/w/w/w) was inoculated with peanut and the physiological and metabolomic responses of the AMF-inoculated and non-inoculated peanut plants to salt, drought, and cold stress were comprehensively characterized, respectively. Results AMF-inoculated plants exhibited higher plant growth, leaf relative water content (RWC), net photosynthetic rate, maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), activities of antioxidant enzymes, and K+: Na+ ratio while lower leaf relative electrolyte conductivity (REC), concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under stressful conditions. Moreover, the structures of chloroplast thylakoids and mitochondria in AMF-inoculated plants were less damaged by these stresses. Non-targeted metabolomics indicated that AMF altered numerous pathways associated with organic acids and amino acid metabolisms in peanut roots under both normal-growth and stressful conditions, which were further improved by the osmolytes accumulation data. Conclusion This study provides a promising AMF product and demonstrates that this AMF combination could enhance peanut salt, drought, and cold stress tolerance through improving plant growth, protecting photosystem, enhancing antioxidant system, and regulating osmotic adjustment.

Synergistic Influence of Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation with Nanoparticle Foliar Application Enhances Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) Antioxidant Enzymes, Anatomical Characteristics, and Productivity under Cold-Stress Conditions

“…The stacked grana thylakoids in chili plants inoculated with AMF and sprayed with (ZnO-NPs + Se-NPs) were accompanied by the accumulation of starch granules, which indicates an increase in photosynthesis activity, as starch is the energy storage of the cells and is a product of photosynthesis. This agrees with the results obtained in [ 52 ] for peanuts and [ 56 ] for Cucumis melo L. In contrast, the number and size of plastoglobules within chloroplasts increased in the control plants. This agrees with the findings of [ 57 ], who observed that plastoglobules increased under cold stress because of their role in the active channeling of lipid molecules and lipid breakdown products.…”

“…The combination of AMF inoculation and ZnO-NPs + Se-NPs as a foliar spray achieved an enhancement in most anatomical characteristics. The optimistic effect of AMF on the anatomical properties may be due to the vital role of AMF in mitigating crop abiotic stress by adjusting good root morphology using the extra-radical mycelium and improving the absorption of nutrients and water in the soil [ 52 ]. These findings are consistent with those reported by the authors of [ 53 ], who found that Zn and Se are crucial for promoting the chlorophyll scale and relieving all harmful outcomes caused by abiotic stress.…”

Physiological, transcriptional and metabolomic evidence for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Lactobacillus plantarum in peanut resistance to salinity stress

“…In the past decade, a number of research groups including ours, have revealed the essential roles of AMF and Lactobacillus in crop resistance subjected to salinity stress (Diagne et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2023;Qin et al, 2021) Compared to sole application of AMF or LP, CMA showed a dramatic induction of plant height and biomass under both normalgrowth and salinity conditions, indicating the duplicate effect of CMA on peanut growth (Figure 1). Particularly, F v /F m in CMAtreated plant leaves were remarkably higher than those in AMF, LP and untreated leaves under soil salinity (Figure 1c,d), leading to an increased salinity tolerance in photosystem.…”

“…In the past decade, a number of research groups including ours, have revealed the essential roles of AMF and Lactobacillus in crop resistance subjected to salinity stress (Diagne et al, 2020; Liu et al, 2023; Qin et al, 2021); however, knowledge of the involvement of bacterial–fungal interactions in crop salinity tolerance requires further elucidation. Here we investigate, for the first time, the prominent roles of CMA (AMF and Lactobacillus ) in the alleviation of salinity‐induced damages in peanut plants.…”

“…The mitigation effects of AMF on soil salinity have been repeatedly reported in a broad range of agricultural plants (Chandrasekaran et al, 2014;Ismail & Horie, 2017;Liu et al, 2023). In general, the bio-amelioration performances of AMF in response to soil salinity could be mainly attributed to the enhancement of nutrient and water acquisition (Cabral et al, 2016;Ye et al, 2019), regulation of root morphology and hydraulic properties (Aroca et al, 2007;Lenoir et al, 2016), maintain of high K + /Na + ratio and cellular redox homeostasis (Chen et al, 2017;Qin et al, 2021), as well as strengthen of photosystem and antioxidant system (Liang et al, 2021;Marro et al, 2022).…”