The neuromuscular blockade produced by pure alkaloid, mitragynine and methanol extract of kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.)

Chittrakarn, Somsmorn; Keawpradub, Niwat; Sawangjaroen, Kitja; Kansenalak, Supaporn; Janchawee, Benjamas

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.03.035

Cited by 55 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The dosage in most kratom users varies between 10 and 30 chewed leaves per day [16]. The total yield of crude alkaloid in M. speciosa seems to be about 0.25% [17], tested in plants of Thai origin. A fresh leaf of M. speciosa weighs approximately 1.7 g, while a dry leaf weighs about 0.43 g [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrahepatic Cholestasis Following Abuse of Powdered Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa)

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrahepatic Cholestasis Following Abuse of Powdered Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa)

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…speciosa Korth is a plant made up of more than 25 alkaloids that vary in specific composition depending on the plant's geographical location [116,119,[125][126][127][128]. Structurally similar to yohimbine, mitragynine is the most abundant of these alkaloids and is thought to be primarily responsible for Kratom's opioid-like effects [129].…”

Section: Pharmacology/pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kratom's popularity as a treatment for muscle pain may be attributed in part to a widely quoted study which demonstrated neuromuscular blockade at the neuromuscular junction where rat phrenic nerve-hemi diaphragms were exposed to Kratom extract [125].…”

Section: Pharmacology/pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Here Today, Gone Tomorrow…and Back Again? A Review of Herbal Marijuana Alternatives (K2, Spice), Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts), Kratom, Salvia divinorum, Methoxetamine, and Piperazines

2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Despite their widespread Internet availability and use, many of the new drugs of abuse remain unfamiliar to health care providers. The herbal marijuana alternatives, like K2 or Spice, are a group of herbal blends that contain a mixture of plant matter in addition to chemical grade synthetic cannabinoids. The synthetic cathinones, commonly called "bath salts," have resulted in nationwide emergency department visits for severe agitation, sympathomimetic toxicity, and death. Kratom, a plant product derived from Mitragyna speciosa Korth, has opioid-like effects, and has been used for the treatment of chronic pain and amelioration of opioid-withdrawal symptoms. Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogen with unique pharmacology that has therapeutic potential but has been banned in many states due to concerns regarding its psychiatric effects. Methoxetamine has recently become available via the Internet and is marked as "legal ketamine." Moreover, the piperazine derivatives, a class of amphetamine-like compounds that includes BZP and TMFPP, are making a resurgence as "legal Ecstasy." These psychoactives are available via the Internet, frequently legal, and often perceived as safe by the public. Unfortunately, these drugs often have adverse effects, which range from minimal to life-threatening. Health care providers must be familiar with these important new classes of drugs. This paper discusses the background, pharmacology, clinical effects, detection, and management of synthetic cannabinoid, synthetic cathinone, methoxetamine, and piperazine exposures.

show abstract

“…Mitragynine is considerably more potent than morphine [10,21,22] and is thought to act centrally on mu-opioid receptors within the nucleus accumbens to produce its addictive cycle of anhedonia followed by hedonia followed by anhedonia [23][24][25][26][27], the definition of progression, tolerance and addiction. Kratom products are available as leaves, gum and powder, and the alkaloid is usually brewed into tea or smoked [28][29][30]. The effects of kratom depend on the dose used, beginning within 5 to 10 min and lasting for about 1 h [31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening and Identification of Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine in Human Urine by LC-MS/MS

Cid

Dworkin

et al. 2015

Chromatography

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Kratom is a tree planted in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma) and elsewhere in the region. A long history of usage and abuse of kratom has led to the classification of kratom as a controlled substance in its native Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries. However, kratom is not controlled in the United States, and the wide availability of kratom on the Internet and in the streets has led to its emergence as an herbal drug of misuse. With the increasing popularity of kratom, efficient protocols are needed to detect kratom use. In this study, a rapid method for the analysis of kratom compounds, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, in human urine has been developed and validated using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The chromatographic system employed a 2.6-µm 100 mm × 2.1 mm phenyl-hexyl analytical column and gradient elution with a 0.4-mL/min flow rate of water and acetonitrile as mobile phases. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used as the detector for data acquisition. The analyst was the quantification software. The established method demonstrated linearity of >0.99 for both analytes, and low detection limits were obtained down to 0.002581 ng/mL for mitragynine and 0.06910 ng/mL for 7-hydroxymitragynine. The validated method has been utilized for clinical analysis of urine for the purpose of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine detection.

show abstract

The neuromuscular blockade produced by pure alkaloid, mitragynine and methanol extract of kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.)

Cited by 55 publications

References 10 publications

Intrahepatic Cholestasis Following Abuse of Powdered Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa)

Intrahepatic Cholestasis Following Abuse of Powdered Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa)

Here Today, Gone Tomorrow…and Back Again? A Review of Herbal Marijuana Alternatives (K2, Spice), Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts), Kratom, Salvia divinorum, Methoxetamine, and Piperazines

Screening and Identification of Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine in Human Urine by LC-MS/MS

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About