The Non-Aligned Movement and the Reform of International Relations

Strydom, Hennie

doi:10.1163/18757413-90000002

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The ideological origin of NAM is often traced to anticolonial movements (Wajid Ali 2004;Strydom, 2007), which is not the case for Nepal, which was never colonized. To Nepal NAM offered two opportunities: a path to globalism through collective resistance and to keep a geopolitical balance in the neighborhood after the 1962 war between India and China, and beyond the neighborhood in the context of global Cold War.…”

Section: Path To Globalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in the 1970s, the movement developed in a different manner towards institutionalization (Narayanan, 2016). Due to the absence of a charter dictating the aims and objectives of the NAM, it was confined to the speeches and pronouncements of the leaders (Strydom, 2007). As such, the member countries developed the essence of NAM according to their situation and circumstances because of the non-binding principle and owing to its confinement to the exchange of ideas among states (Strydom, 2007).…”

Section: Path To Globalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Madhyama Pratipad: Nepal’s Middle Path Ambition through Non-alignment

Bhattarai¹,

Pulami

2022

J. Foreign Affairs

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The geopolitical variable alone is not sufficient to understand Nepal’s entry into NAM and its relevance. While very little literature has been produced on Nepal’s non-alignment, what exists is also limited to either speeches or statements delivered by Nepali leaders at the conferences Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Still, while scanning the perspective of Non-Nepali Cold War foreign policy analysts in the literature produced on Himalayan geopolitics, it can be clearly observed that Nepal’s voyage to non-alignment was driven by the Indian response to the bipolarity in Cold War. Such a perspective, however, dismisses the influence that MadhyamaPratipad (the concept of the middle path) had in the evolution of Nepal’s foreign policy priorities as a unified state in 1769. MadhyamaPratipad, here, should be understood as the cultural and civilizational philosophy, which Nepal has accommodated in its world view for centuries. Hence, Nepal’s shift to non-alignment was not abrupt and impulsive. Rather it was triggered by the MadhyamaPratipad, which was also realized by the founder of modern Nepal, Prithivi Narayan Shah. While non-alignment and MadhyamaPratipad differ in their approaches, their objectives remain the same: balancing. While non-alignment demands balancing by not being aligned to any security bloc, MadhyamaPratipad appeals to balancing by treading a middle path. Thus, this qualitative study argues how the historical experience of balancing made it easier for the Himalayan state to adapt to the non-aligned policy and posture. Accordingly, non-alignment to Nepal is not only a survival strategy but also a historical expression of its cultural and civilizational philosophy. Therefore, any attempt to understand Nepal’s foreign policy of non-alignment only from the grand narratives of geopolitics and changing dynamics in the regional and international security environment would not be sufficient to weigh the rationale and relevance of non-alignment for Nepal. Today, India’s perceptible shift to multi-alignment and China’s emphasis on the Xi Jinping Thought have already raised the question of the relevance of non-alignment for Nepal. The answers lie in Nepal’s historical experience of balancing.

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Section: Path To Globalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Path To Globalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Madhyama Pratipad: Nepal’s Middle Path Ambition through Non-alignment

Bhattarai¹,

Pulami

2022

J. Foreign Affairs

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“…To that extent, the Non-Aligned group to which India also belongs did have some impact in the Cold War period. 'By its origins and through its protagonists, it has had an important environmental influence upon the behaviour of the great powers' (Mates, 1970;Strydom, 2007). At the same time, the relations between the superpowers also underwent profound changes from conflict to cooperation-détente in the late 1960s-early 1970s to a renewed Cold War in the 1980s.…”

Section: Current Regimes Of Global Order and Governancementioning

confidence: 99%

India and the Global Order

Bava

2017

International Studies

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The international regimes which create a global order regulate a multitude of actions and relations between states with respect to global public goods. In this context, the rise of the emerging powers like India draws attention to how such countries will navigate the global order in the coming years. Will emerging powers support a liberal order or seek to reinvent the order as they become economically and politically more powerful? This article seeks to examine such issues by looking at the regimes and global order from the prism of a rising India. A robust growing economy has added to India’s economic and political power as it seeks to expand its role within the global order. Socialization and a buy into the current liberal order imply that India will strive to sustain the existing global order since it has benefited from it. Simultaneously, India challenges the rules of the global order by seeking change to the existing status quo in various institutions such as the nuclear non-proliferation regime, which has been examined more specifically in this article. As globalization and interdependence reshape alignments, India’s role and position reflect how it negotiates global regimes and the global order.

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“…In addition, as one of the newest members of the G20, Indonesia is increasingly becoming the voice of developing countries on the international stage [2]. Indonesia's value as a global leader can be traced, for example, through its role in the 1955 Bandung Conference and the creation of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)-a forum of 120 developing countries [3]. Resulting from the NAM is the Group of 77 (G77), a coalition of 134 developing countries at the United Nations and an effective negotiation vehicle by which developing countries can advance their interests in various areas such as international trade and climate change [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Learning Activation Approach—Understanding Indonesia’s Energy Transition by Teaching It

Prakoso²

2021

Energies

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Indonesia is an interesting case study for researchers, educators and students of sustainable development and sustainable energy due to its ability to connect the multiple “worlds” it has become part of. Indonesia is an important bridge to Muslim countries, the voice of the Global South in the G20 and a main pillar of the 134-country-strong G77. Indonesia’s development trajectory is also key to the achievement of the Paris Climate Agreement as well as of the 2030 Agenda. This article proposes that one way to understand Indonesia’s complex energy transition is by knowing how to teach it as a case study. By teaching how Indonesia addresses contradictions that would have been unsurmountable for other countries, new insights and values can be gained. Indonesia’s energy transition offers helpful lessons, because of its aspiration to become a developed country by 2045. However, as the methodology of this paper suggests, these lessons can be more valuable when they are achieved through the stages of reflection, interaction and action. By knowing how to teach Indonesia’s energy transition, the value of knowledge can be multiplied. This article begins by showing how Indonesia addresses barriers and caveats by focusing on silver linings and comes up with pragmatic solutions to energy-related issues. This is followed by the “teaching guide,” which provides recommendations as to how the lessons from Indonesia can be embedded into a learning experience. The “learning activation approach” is introduced, which encourages students to systematically reflect on the complexity of selected contexts and understand this complexity by looking at the technical issues and processes that allow decision making.

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The Non-Aligned Movement and the Reform of International Relations

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Madhyama Pratipad: Nepal’s Middle Path Ambition through Non-alignment

Madhyama Pratipad: Nepal’s Middle Path Ambition through Non-alignment

India and the Global Order

The Learning Activation Approach—Understanding Indonesia’s Energy Transition by Teaching It

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