The occurrence and cellular significance of physodes in brown algae

Schoenwaelder, M. E. A.

doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-41-2-125.1

Cited by 176 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Phlorotannins at the wound area probably deter bacteria or other microbes and may prevent the algae from being eaten further. In addition, phlorotannins bound in cell walls (Schoenwaelder 2002) may form a barrier for grazers or fouling organisms in L. solidungula (Lü der unpubl. data).…”

Section: Chemical and Physical Defences Against Herbivory And Foulingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life strategy, ecophysiology and ecology of seaweeds in polar waters

Wiencke

Clayton

Gómez

et al. 2006

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

137

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Polar seaweeds are strongly adapted to the low temperatures of their environment, Antarctic species more strongly than Arctic species due to the longer cold water history of the Antarctic region. By reason of the strong isolation of the Southern Ocean the Antarctic marine flora is characterized by a high degree of endemism, whereas in the Arctic only few endemic species have been found so far. All polar species are strongly shade adapted and their phenology is finely tuned to the strong seasonal changes of the light conditions. The paper summarises the present knowledge of seaweeds from both polar regions with regard to the following topics: the history of seaweed research in polar regions; the environment of seaweeds in polar waters; biodiversity, biogeographical relationships and vertical distribution of Arctic and Antarctic seaweeds; life histories and physiological thallus anatomy; temperature demands and geographical distribution; light demands and depth zonation; the effect of salinity, temperature and desiccation on supraand eulittoral seaweeds; seasonality of reproduction and the physiological characteristics of C. Wiencke (&) AE U. H. Lü der

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Section: Chemical and Physical Defences Against Herbivory And Foulingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life strategy, ecophysiology and ecology of seaweeds in polar waters

Wiencke

Clayton

Gómez

et al. 2006

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

137

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“…Soluble phlorotannins are stored in cell organelles, physodes, which are round to elliptical, highly mobile, vesicle-like, strongly refractive bodies observed in the cytoplasm of brown algae (Ragan and Glombitza, 1986;Schoenwaelder, 2002). Phlorotannins are suggested to transform into components of the cell walls of brown algae when physodes fuse with the cell membrane and the phlorotannins are secreted into the cell wall, complexing finally with alginic acid (Arnold and Targett, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CONTENTS OF SOLUBLE, CELL-WALL-BOUND AND EXUDED PHLOROTANNINS IN THE BROWN ALGA Fucus vesiculosus, WITH IMPLICATIONS ON THEIR ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

et al. 2005

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Abstract-Phlorotannins are ubiquitous secondary metabolites in brown algae that are phenotypically plastic and suggested to have multiple ecological roles. Traditionally, phlorotannins have been quantified as total soluble phlorotannins. Here, we modify a quantification procedure to measure, for the first time, the amount of cell-wall-bound phlorotannins. We also optimize the quantification of soluble phlorotannins. We use these methods to study the responses of soluble and cell-wall-bound phlorotannin to nutrient enrichment in growing and nongrowing parts of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. We also examine the effects of nutrient shortage and herbivory on the rate of phlorotannin exudation. Concentrations of cell-wall-bound phlorotannins were much lower than concentrations of soluble phlorotannins; we also found that nutrient treatment over a period of 41 days affected only soluble phlorotannins. Concentrations of each phlorotannin type correlated positively between growing and nongrowing parts of individual seaweeds. However, within nongrowing thalli, soluble and cell-wall-bound phlorotannins were negatively correlated, whereas within growing thalli there was no correlation. Phlorotannins were exuded from the thallus in all treatments. Herbivory increased exudation, while a lack of nutrients had no effect on exudation. Because the amount of cell-wall-bound phlorotannins is much smaller than the amount of soluble phlorotannins, the major function of phlorotannins appears to be a secondary one.

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“…For example, diterpenes and phlorotannins, the most investigated groups of metabolites isolated from brown algae (Maschek and Baker 2008) were identiWed to act both as anti-herbivory and anti-fouling substances (summarized in Amsler and Fairhead 2006). Phlorotannins have also been invoked to serve or contribute to other vital functions such as protection against UV-radiation, cell-wall formation, and cytokinesis (Pavia et al 1997;Schoenwaelder and Clayton 1999;Schoenwaelder 2002). On the other hand, herbivores are considered to be mainly N-limited, and therefore selective in foraging for N-rich algal tissue (Mattson 1980;DuVy and Paul 1992;Cruz-Rivera and Hay 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species-specific defense strategies of vegetative versus reproductive blades of the Pacific kelps Lessonia nigrescens and Macrocystis integrifolia

et al. 2008

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Chemical defense is assumed to be costly and therefore algae should allocate defense investments in a way to reduce costs and optimize their overall Wtness. Thus, lifetime expectation of particular tissues and their contribution to the Wtness of the alga may aVect defense allocation. Two brown algae common to the SE PaciWc coasts, Lessonia nigrescens Bory and Macrocystis integrifolia Bory, feature important ontogenetic diVerences in the development of reproductive structures; in L. nigrescens blade tissues pass from a vegetative stage to a reproductive stage, while in M. integrifolia reproductive and vegetative functions are spatially separated on diVerent blades. We hypothesized that vegetative blades of L. nigrescens with important future functions are more (or equally) defended than reproductive blades, whereas in M. integrifolia defense should be mainly allocated to reproductive blades (sporophylls), which are considered to make a higher contribution to Wtness. Herein, within-plant variation in susceptibility of reproductive and vegetative tissues to herbivory and in allocation of phlorotannins (phenolics) and N-compounds was compared. The results show that phlorotannin and N-concentrations were higher in reproductive blade tissues for both investigated algae. However, preferences by amphipod grazers (Parhyalella penai) for either tissue type diVered between the two algal species. Fresh reproductive tissue of L. nigrescens was more consumed than vegetative tissue, while the reverse was found in M. integrifolia, thus conWrming the original hypothesis. This suggests that future Wtness function might indeed be a useful predictor of anti-herbivore defense in large, perennial kelps. Results from feeding assays with artiWcial pellets that were made with air-dried material and extract-treated Ulva powder indicated that defenses in live algae are probably not based on chemicals that can be extracted or remain intact after airdrying and grinding up algal tissues. Instead, anti-herbivore defense against amphipod mesograzers seems to depend on structural traits of living algae.

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The occurrence and cellular significance of physodes in brown algae

Cited by 176 publications

References 95 publications

Life strategy, ecophysiology and ecology of seaweeds in polar waters

Life strategy, ecophysiology and ecology of seaweeds in polar waters

CONTENTS OF SOLUBLE, CELL-WALL-BOUND AND EXUDED PHLOROTANNINS IN THE BROWN ALGA Fucus vesiculosus, WITH IMPLICATIONS ON THEIR ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

Species-specific defense strategies of vegetative versus reproductive blades of the Pacific kelps Lessonia nigrescens and Macrocystis integrifolia

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