The Operational Global Icosahedral–Hexagonal Gridpoint Model GME: Description and High-Resolution Tests

Abstract

The German Weather Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst) has recently developed a new operational global numerical weather prediction model, named GME, based on an almost uniform icosahedral-hexagonal grid. The GME gridpoint approach avoids the disadvantages of spectral techniques as well as the pole problem in latitudelongitude grids and provides a data structure extremely well suited to high efficiency on distributed memory parallel computers. The formulation of the discrete operators for this grid is described and evaluations that demonstrate their second-order accuracy are provided. These operators are derived for local basis functions that are orthogonal and conform perfectly to the spherical surface. The local basis functions, unique for each grid point, are the latitude and longitude of a spherical coordinate system whose equator and zero meridian intersect at the grid point. The prognostic equations for horizontal velocities, temperature, and surface pressure are solved using a semi-implicit Eulerian approach and for two moisture fields using a semi-Lagrangian scheme to ensure monotonicity and positivity. In the vertical direction, finite differences are applied in a hybrid (sigma pressure) coordinate system to all prognostic variables. The semi-implicit treatment of gravity waves presented here leads to a 3D Helmholtz equation that is diagonalized into a set of 2D Helmholtz equations that are solved by successive relaxation. Most of the same physical parameterizations used in the authors' previous operational regional model, named EM, are employed in GME. Some results from the verification process for GME are provided and GME performance statistics on a Cray T3E1200 as well as on the ECMWF Fujitsu VPP5000 systems are summarized. For the case of the severe Christmas 1999 storm over France and Germany the pronounced sensitivity of the model with respect to the initial state is discussed. Finally, a test case is shown where it is currently possible, though not yet operationally practical, to run GME at 15-km resolution on the VPP5000.

Experiments with different discretizations for the shallow‐water equations on a sphere

“…One of the best known among them is the geodesic icosahedral grid (Figure 1, bottom), introduced to geophysical fluid dynamics by Williamson (1968) and Sadourny et al (1968) and subsequently applied in various numerical models of atmospheric flows (Ringler et al, 2000;Majewski et al, 2002;Tomita and Satoh, 2004).…”

A Stretched Icosahedral Grid by a New Grid Transformation

“…Since these were published, many researchers have attempted to develop models using the icosahedral grid (Baumgardner and Frederickson 1985;Cullen and Hall 1979;Masuda and Ohnishi 1986;Stuhne and Peltier 1996). Successful examples include the Colorado State University (CSU) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) (Heikes and Randall 1995a, b;Ringler et al 2000) and the GME prediction model of the Deutscher Wetterdienst (German Weather Service) (Majewski et al 2002).…”

Dynamic Data Driven Ensemble for Wildfire Behaviour Assessment: A Case Study

“…The model is initiated on both the 00 and 12 UTC analysis fields reaching to an 11-hour forecast horizon with an archived time-step of 1 hour; -The ECMWF EPS (Ensemble Prediction System) global deterministic Control component, with a horizontal resolution of about 32 km (ec 32 ). This single-model deterministic platform is initiated from a truncated analysis of ec 16 while no errors are introduced to this initial field [43,44]; -The DWD/Deutscher Wetterdienst (German Meteorological Service) operational single deterministic global icosahedral-hexagonal grid point model with a horizontal resolution of about 20 km [45,46]. DWD model values have been retrieved at a regular 25x25 km grid (dw 25 ).…”