The Opioid Peptides

Evans, Christopher J.; Hammond, Donna L.; Frederickson, Robert C.A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-990-1_2

Cited by 39 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 185 publications

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“…The endogenous opioid peptides have also been implicated in the regulation of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and cognitive functions (for review, see ref. 24). A hypoglycemic effect of opiates in mice was recently reported (25).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Isolation, sequence analysis, and physiological properties of enkephalins in the nervous tissue of the shore crab Carcinus maenas L.

lüschen¹,

Buck²,

Willig³

et al. 1991

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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ILeul-and [Metlenkephalin from thoracic ganglia of the shore crab Carcinus maenas have been purified to homogeneity by a reversed-phase HPLC procedure. Automated gas-phase sequencing revealed a primary structure identical with that of enkephalin from vertebrates. The immunoreactive material in different parts of the nervous system of C. maenas was measured by RIA. Isolated crustacean [Leujenkephalin shows physiological properties identical to synthetic [Leu] MATERIALS AND METHODSAnimals. Adult shore crabs (C. maenas) of both sexes (weight, 25-45 g) were purchased from fishermen at the North Sea (Neuharlingersiel, F.R.G. and Den Helder, Netherlands). The crabs were kept in tanks filled with artificial seawater (3% salinity) and fed twice a week with fish or meat from porcine heart. Adult fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator) were supplied by Gulf Specimen (FL) and kept in artificial seawater (1% salinity).Bioassay The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement'"in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In vertebrates the biologically active opioid peptides are derived from large precursor molecules (24). Cleavage of at least three different precursors gives rise to the endorphins, dynorphins, and enkephalins.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation, sequence analysis, and physiological properties of enkephalins in the nervous tissue of the shore crab Carcinus maenas L.

lüschen¹,

Buck²,

Willig³

et al. 1991

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…when given centrally such as by the intracerebroventricular or intrathecal route [17]. However, the same peptides often fail to demonstrate analgesia when given peripherally.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analgesic activity of a novel bivalent opioid peptide compared to morphine via different routes of administration

et al. 1991

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A novel bivalent opioid tetrapeptide, biphalin (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH)2, was synthesized based on structure-activity relationships. The analgesic activity of biphalin was assessed in comparison to morphine in rats. Drugs were administered subcutaneously (s.c.), intravenously (i.v.) and intrathecally (i.t.). Tail flick and tail pinch were used as tests for analgesia. Biphalin s.c. showed negligible analgesic activity, but when given i.v. produced significant analgesia, although less potent than morphine via this route. In contrast, intrathecal biphalin was more potent than morphine. These results indicate that biphalin has intrinsic activity that is compromised by enzymatic degradation or redistribution in the periphery, properties that may render it useful in exploring analgesic actions of locally applied opioids in the periphery without the likelihood of unwanted central effects.

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“…The existence of about thirty endogenous opioid peptides derived by alternative proteolytic cleavage of three precursor proteins has been puzzling for many years (Evans et al, 1988). In addition to differential stability to extracellular proteases and differential selectivity towards opioid receptors, individual opioid peptides may show subtle differences regarding signaling and desensitization characteristics in vivo .…”

Section: From Receptor Genes To Receptor Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opioid receptors: From binding sites to visible molecules in vivo

2009

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Opioid drugs such as heroin interact directly with opioid receptors whilst other addictive drugs, including marijuana, alcohol and nicotine indirectly activate endogenous opioid systems to contribute to their rewarding properties. The opioid system therefore plays a key role in addiction neurobiology and continues to be a primary focus for NIDA-supported research. Opioid receptors and their peptide ligands, the endorphins and enkephalins, form an extensive heterogeneous network throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. In addition to reward, opioid drugs regulate many functions such that opioid receptors are targets of choice in several physiological, neurological and psychiatric disorders. Because of the multiplicity and diversity of ligands and receptors, opioid receptors have served as an optimal model for G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) research. The isolation of opioid receptor genes opened the way to molecular manipulations of the receptors, both in artificial systems and in vivo, contributing to our current understanding of the diversity of opioid receptor biology at the behavioral, cellular and molecular levels. This review will briefly summarize some aspects of current knowledge that has accumulated since the very early characterization of opioid receptor genes. Importantly, we will identify a number of research directions that are likely to develop during the next decade.

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The Opioid Peptides

Cited by 39 publications

References 185 publications

Isolation, sequence analysis, and physiological properties of enkephalins in the nervous tissue of the shore crab Carcinus maenas L.

Isolation, sequence analysis, and physiological properties of enkephalins in the nervous tissue of the shore crab Carcinus maenas L.

Analgesic activity of a novel bivalent opioid peptide compared to morphine via different routes of administration

Opioid receptors: From binding sites to visible molecules in vivo

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