The Orbits—Anatomical Features in View of Innovative Surgical Methods

Abstract

The aim of this article is to update on anatomical key elements of the orbits in reference to surgical innovations. This is a selective literature review supplemented with the personal experience of the authors, using illustrations and photographs of anatomical dissections. The seven osseous components of the orbit can be conceptualized into a simple geometrical layout of a four-sided pyramid with the anterior aditus as a base and the posterior cone as apex. All neurovascular structures pass through bony openings in the sphenoid bone before diversification in the mid and anterior orbit. A set of landmarks such as the optic and maxillary strut comes into new focus. Within the topographical surfaces of the internal orbit the lazy S-shaped floor and the posteromedial bulge are principal determinants for the ocular globe position. The inferomedial orbital strut represents a discernible sagittal buttress. The periorbita and orbital soft tissue contents--extraocular muscles, septae, neurovasculature--are detailed and put into context with periorbital dissection.

Is the Pre-Shaping of an Orbital Implant on a Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Model Advantageous Compared to Conventional Free-Hand Shaping? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…The 3DP model obliviates these inaccuracies, as the implant can be individualized to cover the defect precisely and reproduce the anatomic angles and curves of the orbital walls specific to each patient. This individualized approach creates an esthetically accurate reconstruction with implant adaptation and ensures that the posterior end of the implant sits on the "posterior ledge," thus correcting the vertical dystopia and enophthalmos [43,44].…”

Ontogenetic Transformations of Bones of the Human Orbit

“…До останнього часу маловивченими залишалися питання типової та статевої мінливості форми та розмірів склепіння, основи, лицевого відділу черепа і, зокрема, очної ямки. На нашу думку, дослідження перелічених питань є актуальним та продиктовано запитами антропології, нейрохірургії, щелепно-лицьової хірургії [20][21][22]. Деталізація морфологічних даних про будову кісток склепіння, основи та лицевого відділу черепа наразі потрібна також для вирішення задач теоретичної морфології, антропології, судової медицини, біоінженерії [9, [23][24][25][26].…”

Incidence of Orbital Side Effects in Zygomaticomaxillary Complex and Isolated Orbital Walls Fractures: A Retrospective Study in South Italy and a Brief Review of the Literature

“…Impure orbital fractures are those that involve the orbital rim(s) with the internal orbit walls. Most orbital pure fractures occur along the floor and/or medial walls of the orbit, where the walls are the thinnest [2,3]. Orbital wall fractures are also classified as isolated fractures, involving a single orbital wall, or as combined fractures, when more than one orbital wall is affected [4].…”