The organization and transcription of the galactose gene cluster of Saccharomyces

John, Thomas P. St.; Davis, Ronald W.

doi:10.1016/0022-2836(81)90244-8

Cited by 329 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…2). Occasionally, transcripts that originate from the GAL10 promoter read-through GAL10 polyadenylation signals and end at the normal GAL7 3Ј-end, creating a large GAL10-GAL7 fusion transcript (55,69). Our results show that the spt6 -1004 mutant produces lower levels of the GAL10-GAL7 fusion transcript (Fig.…”

Section: Sptmentioning

confidence: 61%

Interaction between Transcription Elongation Factors and mRNA 3′-End Formation at the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL10-GAL7 Locus

Kaplan

Holland

Winston

2005

Journal of Biological Chemistry

112

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Spt6 is a conserved transcription factor that associates with RNA polymerase II (pol II) during elongation. Spt6 is essential for viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and regulates chromatin structure during pol II transcription. Here we present evidence that mutations that impair Spt6, a second elongation factor, Spt4, and pol II can affect 3-end formation at GAL10. Additional analysis suggests that Spt6 is required for cotranscriptional association of the factor Ctr9, a member of the Paf1 complex, with GAL10 and GAL7, and that Ctr9 association with chromatin 3 of GAL10 is regulated by the GAL10 polyadenylation signal. Overall, these results provide new evidence for a connection between the transcription elongation factor Spt6 and 3-end formation in vivo.Many factors are believed to contribute to pol II 1 transcription elongation and to mRNA processing, based on either physical association with pol II, cotranscriptional association with transcribed DNA, or association with the nascent RNA (1-4). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, these include factors involved in mRNA capping, splicing, termination, and export. They also include the highly conserved and mostly essential elongation factors, the Spt4/Spt5 complex, Spt6, and the Spt16/Pob3 complex. Additionally, the Paf1 complex (comprising Paf1, Ctr9, Rtf1, Leo1, and Cdc73), Isw1, Iws1, the Set1 complex, Set2, and Chd1 have also been implicated as part of the pol II elongation complex (5-16).Previous work has shown that Spt6 is broadly utilized in pol II transcription (17,18), and data from several laboratories implicates Spt6 as a pol II elongation factor (16, 18 -20). Spt6 has been shown to interact with histones and is involved in the organization of chromatin structure over transcribed regions (21-23). Spt6 has also been implicated in RNA processing, because Drosophila Spt6 is associated with the nuclear exosome (24). Additional roles for Spt6 in the transcription cycle probably also exist.The Paf1 complex is a multisubunit complex that associates with pol II and localizes to transcribed regions (14,16,(25)(26)(27)(28)(29). Although all of the roles of the Paf1 complex remain to be elucidated, recently, some complex members have been shown to be required for cotranscriptional ubiquitylation of histone H2B at position 123 (H2B Lys-123) and methylation of histone H3 lysines at positions 4 (Lys 4 ), 36 (Lys 36 ), and 79 (Lys 79 ) (30 -34). Thus, the Paf1 complex appears to coordinate histone modifications with transcription. Mutations in genes encoding Paf1 complex members also exhibit a wide spectrum of genetic interactions with mutations in elongation factor genes such as SPT4, SPT5, SPT16, and POB3 (14,35,36).As pol II goes through the cycle of transcription initiation, elongation, and termination, it is presented with different tasks. Many of these tasks are coordinated through the phosphorylation of the largest subunit of pol II on its conserved C-terminal domain, which in yeast consists of 26 repeats of consensus Tyr 1 -Ser 2 -Pro 3 -Thr 4 -Ser 5 -Pro 6 -Ser 7 ...

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Section: Sptmentioning

confidence: 61%

Interaction between Transcription Elongation Factors and mRNA 3′-End Formation at the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL10-GAL7 Locus

Kaplan

Holland

Winston

2005

Journal of Biological Chemistry

112

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“…Following galactose induction for 6 hr, yeast cultures were spotted using a multichannel pipette onto agar plates consisting of 2% galactose, 0.67% YNB without amino acids and ammonium sulfate (Difco), 5 mM ammonium sulfate, and additional amino acids to correct for auxotrophies. Galactose induction typically drives gene expression to levels 1000-fold of those observed in the presence of glucose (St John and Davis 1981), and we estimate similar levels of inducible expression here by Western blotting ( Figure S1). …”

Section: Phenotypic Screeningmentioning

confidence: 74%

Genetic Networks Inducing Invasive Growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Identified Through Systematic Genome-Wide Overexpression

et al. 2013

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The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can respond to nutritional and environmental stress by implementing a morphogenetic program wherein cells elongate and interconnect, forming pseudohyphal filaments. This growth transition has been studied extensively as a model signaling system with similarity to processes of hyphal development that are linked with virulence in related fungal pathogens. Classic studies have identified core pseudohyphal growth signaling modules in yeast; however, the scope of regulatory networks that control yeast filamentation is broad and incompletely defined. Here, we address the genetic basis of yeast pseudohyphal growth by implementing a systematic analysis of 4909 genes for overexpression phenotypes in a filamentous strain of S. cerevisiae. Our results identify 551 genes conferring exaggerated invasive growth upon overexpression under normal vegetative growth conditions. This cohort includes 79 genes lacking previous phenotypic characterization. Pathway enrichment analysis of the gene set identifies networks mediating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and cell cycle progression. In particular, overexpression screening suggests that nuclear export of the osmoresponsive MAPK Hog1p may enhance pseudohyphal growth. The function of nuclear Hog1p is unclear from previous studies, but our analysis using a nuclear-depleted form of Hog1p is consistent with a role for nuclear Hog1p in repressing pseudohyphal growth. Through epistasis and deletion studies, we also identified genetic relationships with the G2 cyclin Clb2p and phenotypes in filamentation induced by S-phase arrest. In sum, this work presents a unique and informative resource toward understanding the breadth of genes and pathways that collectively constitute the molecular basis of filamentation.T HE budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dimorphic, exhibiting both a unicellular growth form and a multicellular filamentous state generated presumably as a foraging mechanism under conditions of nutritional stress (Gimeno et al. 1992;Liu et al. 1993;Roberts and Fink 1994;Cook et al. 1996). In S. cerevisiae, nitrogen stress (Gimeno et al. 1992), growth in the presence of short-chain alcohols (Dickinson 1996;Lorenz et al. 2000a), and glucose stress (Cullen and Sprague 2000) can induce the transition to a filamentous form characterized morphologically as follows. Yeast cells undergoing filamentous growth are elongated in shape, due to delayed G2/M progression and prolonged apical growth (Gimeno et al. 1992;Kron et al. 1994; Ahn et al. 1999;Miled et al. 2001). Some reports indicate that these cells bud in a preferentially unipolar fashion (Gimeno et al. 1992;Kron et al. 1994), and, most distinctively during filamentous growth, daughter cells bud from mother cells but remain physically connected after septum formation (Gimeno et al. 1992). As a result, the interconnected cells form filaments that are termed pseudohyphae since they superficially resemble hyphae but lack the structure of a true hyphal tube with pa...

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“…In these two fusions, the genuine promoter of Ty1(DR3) or Ty1(PR1) is replaced by the inducible GAL1 promoter at the original location (34). Previous Northern blot analyses estimated that steady-state levels of induced GAL1 mRNA were 0.2 to 1% of total mRNA and that steady-state levels of Ty1 mRNA were more than 10% of total mRNA (12,14,47). Therefore, we expected approximately 10-to 50-fold-higher levels of ␤-galactosidase activity from the 31 TY1A-lacZ fusions than from a single fusion expressed from the GAL1 promoter.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Effects of Chromatin and Gcn4 on the 50-Fold Range of Expression among Individual Yeast Ty1 Retrotransposons

Morillon

Bénard

Springer

et al. 2002

Molecular and Cellular Biology

120

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Approximately 30 copies of the Ty1 retrotransposon are present in the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previous studies gave insights into the global regulation of Ty1 transcription but provided no information on the behavior of individual genomic elements. This work shows that the expression of 31 individual Ty1 elements in S288C varies over a 50-fold range. Their transcription is repressed by chromatin structures, which are antagonized by the Swi/Snf and SAGA chromatin-modifying complexes in highly expressed Ty1 elements. These elements carry five potential Gcn4 binding sites in their promoter regions that are mostly absent in weakly expressed Ty1 copies. Consistent with this observation, Gcn4 activates the transcription of highly expressed Ty1 elements only. One of the potential Gcn4 binding sites acts as an upstream activating sequence in vivo and interacts with Gcn4 in vitro. Since Gcn4 has been shown to interact with Swi/Snf and SAGA, we predict that Gcn4 activates Ty1 transcription by targeting these complexes to specific Ty1 promoters.

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The organization and transcription of the galactose gene cluster of Saccharomyces

Cited by 329 publications

References 34 publications

Interaction between Transcription Elongation Factors and mRNA 3′-End Formation at the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL10-GAL7 Locus

Interaction between Transcription Elongation Factors and mRNA 3′-End Formation at the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL10-GAL7 Locus

Genetic Networks Inducing Invasive Growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Identified Through Systematic Genome-Wide Overexpression

Differential Effects of Chromatin and Gcn4 on the 50-Fold Range of Expression among Individual Yeast Ty1 Retrotransposons

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