The oxidation and thermal stability of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and/or carbonitrides (MXenes) and the improvement based on their surface state

Zheng, Zixiang; Guo, Chunyu; Wang, Enhui; He, Zhi; Liang, Tongxiang; Yang, Tao; Hou, Xinmei

doi:10.1039/d1qi00041a

Cited by 86 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…18,27 Ti3C2Tx is oxidized in the air over long periods, showing these small popcorn-like particles on the surface. 62 Our samples do not show detectable oxidation products compared to those with significant TiO2 particle growth on their surface. 17 Thermal analysis was performed using TG-DSC in oxygen flow (see Figure 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Anatase is the preferred phase formed during the oxidation of Ti3C2Tx MXene, so we use anatase as the reference phase in thermochemical cycles. 62 Other studies also support complete oxidation at 700 °C in oxygen or air. For example, in oxygen, Ti3C2Tx MXene loses its water and surface groups at 150 °C.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…This agrees well with results from previous studies. 62,63 The -F and -Cl functional groups of the outer layers of Ti are evolved as F2 and Cl2. Hydroxyl groups are detached forming H2O and leaving behind an O.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energetic Stability and Interfacial Complexity of Ti3C2Tx MXenes Synthesized with HF/HCl and CoF2/HCl as Etching Agents

Goncharov

Hammond-Pereira

Reece

et al. 2022

Preprint

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MXenes are ultra-thin two-dimensional layered early-transition metal carbides and nitrides with potential applications in various emerging technologies, such as energy storage, water purification, and catalysis. MXenes are synthesized from the parent MAX phase with different etching agents (HF or fluoride salts with a strong acid) by selectively removing a more weakly bound crystalline layer of Al or Ga replaced by surface groups (-O, -F, -OH, etc.). Ti3C2Tx MXene synthesized by CoF2/HCl etching has layered heterogeneity due to intercalated Al3+ and Co2+ that act as pillars for interlayer spacings. This study investigates the impacts of etching environments on the compositional, interfacial, structural, and thermodynamic properties of Ti3C2Tx MXenes. Specifically, compared with HF/HCl etching, CoF2/HCl treatment leads to a Ti3C2Tx MXene with a broader distribution of interlayer distances, increased number of intercalated cations, and decreased degree of hydration. Moreover, we determine the enthalpies of formation at 25 °C (ΔHf,25°C) of Ti3C2Tx MXenes etched with CoF2/HCl, ΔHf,25°C = –1891.7 ± 35.7 kJ/mol Ti3C2, and etched with HF/HCl, ΔHf,25°C = –1978.2 ± 35.7 kJ/mol Ti3C2, using high-temperature oxidation drop calorimetry. These energetic data are discussed and compared with experimentally derived and computationally predicted values to elucidate the effects of intercalants and surface groups of MXenes. We find that MXenes with intercalated metal cations has a less exothermic ΔHf,25°C from an increase in the interlayer space and dimension heterogeneity and a decrease in the degree of hydration leading to reduced layer–layer van der Waals interactions and weakened hydration effects applied on the MXene layers. The outcomes of this study further our understanding of MXene’s energetic–structure–interfacial property relationships.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Energetic Stability and Interfacial Complexity of Ti3C2Tx MXenes Synthesized with HF/HCl and CoF2/HCl as Etching Agents

Goncharov

Hammond-Pereira

Reece

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Partial oxidation occurs even though the high-temperature treatment is carried out under an inert atmosphere (Ar or N 2 ) due to dehydration and removal of intercalated species and terminal groups (Equation ( 2)). As a result, partial oxidation with released water occurs, leading to the formation of an oxycarbide phase [184,185].…”

Section: Synthesis Of Mxenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal (Mo, W, Ti) Carbide Catalysts: Synthesis and Application as Alternative Catalysts for Dry Reforming of Hydrocarbons—A Review

Czaplicka

Rogala

Wysocka

2021

IJMS

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Dry reforming of hydrocarbons (DRH) is a pro-environmental method for syngas production. It owes its pro-environmental character to the use of carbon dioxide, which is one of the main greenhouse gases. Currently used nickel catalysts on oxide supports suffer from rapid deactivation due to sintering of active metal particles or the deposition of carbon deposits blocking the flow of gases through the reaction tube. In this view, new alternative catalysts are highly sought after. Transition metal carbides (TMCs) can potentially replace traditional nickel catalysts due to their stability and activity in DR processes. The catalytic activity of carbides results from the synthesis-dependent structural properties of carbides. In this respect, this review presents the most important methods of titanium, molybdenum, and tungsten carbide synthesis and the influence of their properties on activity in catalyzing the reaction of methane with carbon dioxide.

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“…Since 2011, 2D titanium carbide (MXene) has attracted extensive attention as a new type of ultrathin two-dimensional nanosheets. 19–21 Ti 3 C 2 T x is one of the most widely studied MXenes within a large number of negatively charged functional groups on the surface, such as –F, –O and –OH, 22,23 and thus possesses an excellent electrical conductivity, high hydrophilicity, good physical and chemical stability, and lubricity. 24 Up to now, Ti 3 C 2 T x is applied in Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, purifiers, electromagnetic interface shielders, catalysts, and photocatalysts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ti₃C₂T_x (MXene)/Pt nanoparticle electrode for the accurate detection of DA coexisting with AA and UA

et al. 2022

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The oxidation and thermal stability of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and/or carbonitrides (MXenes) and the improvement based on their surface state

Abstract: In recent years, a new family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and/or carbonitrides labeled MXenes, have greatly attracted the attention of researchers. Due to unusual hydrophilicity, electrical conductivity, flexibility,...

Cited by 86 publications

References 72 publications

Energetic Stability and Interfacial Complexity of Ti3C2Tx MXenes Synthesized with HF/HCl and CoF2/HCl as Etching Agents

Energetic Stability and Interfacial Complexity of Ti3C2Tx MXenes Synthesized with HF/HCl and CoF2/HCl as Etching Agents

Metal (Mo, W, Ti) Carbide Catalysts: Synthesis and Application as Alternative Catalysts for Dry Reforming of Hydrocarbons—A Review

Ti₃C₂T_x (MXene)/Pt nanoparticle electrode for the accurate detection of DA coexisting with AA and UA

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The oxidation and thermal stability of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and/or carbonitrides (MXenes) and the improvement based on their surface state

Abstract: In recent years, a new family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and/or carbonitrides labeled MXenes, have greatly attracted the attention of researchers. Due to unusual hydrophilicity, electrical conductivity, flexibility,...

Cited by 86 publications

References 72 publications

Energetic Stability and Interfacial Complexity of Ti3C2Tx MXenes Synthesized with HF/HCl and CoF2/HCl as Etching Agents

Energetic Stability and Interfacial Complexity of Ti3C2Tx MXenes Synthesized with HF/HCl and CoF2/HCl as Etching Agents

Metal (Mo, W, Ti) Carbide Catalysts: Synthesis and Application as Alternative Catalysts for Dry Reforming of Hydrocarbons—A Review

Ti3C2Tx (MXene)/Pt nanoparticle electrode for the accurate detection of DA coexisting with AA and UA

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Product

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Ti₃C₂T_x (MXene)/Pt nanoparticle electrode for the accurate detection of DA coexisting with AA and UA