The Parathyroid Glands

Clark, Nancy; Kaul, Karen L.; Roth, Sanford I.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-544901-4.50010-9

Cited by 3 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Adult urodeles generally possess a single pair of parathyroid glands located near the carotid artery and systemic arches anterior to the heart (Clark et al, 1986;Wittle, 1983;Wittle and Dent, 1979). Accessory parathyroid glands have been found occasionally in some urodeles (Oguro, 1969(Oguro, , 1973Oguro and Uchiyama, 1975;Wittle and Dent, 1979), whereas in Triturus pyrrhogaster (Isono, 1963) and Desmognathus monticola (Wittle, 1983) such accessory glands have not been observed.…”

Section: Urodelamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intercellular channels have been noticed in some anuran parathyroids (Boschwitz, 1961;Coleman, 1969;Hara et al, 1959;Isono, 1960;Lange and von Brehm, 1965;Srivastav and Rani, 1989a). These intercellular channels have been described as the means by which the cells receive their nutrition and also as the route for parathyroid hormone transport to the gland periphery (Clark et al, 1986). Hara et al (1959) were first to describe the ultrastructure of parathyroid gland in a toad, Bufo vulgaris japonicus.…”

Section: Anuramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ultrastructural examinations revealed the presence of a single type of cells representing two forms: dark chief cells and light chief cells (Coleman, 1969;Lange and von Brehm, 1963). Clark et al (1986) suggested that differences in electron density of the cytoplasm and nucleus may simply be fixation artifacts. Isono et al (1990), on the basis of their earlier findings (Hara et al, 1959;Isono et al, 1978), suggested that small chief cells located centrally with a few cell organelles represent inactive forms, and large chief cells placed peripherally with well-developed Golgi complexes, RER, numerous secretory granules of 200-400 nm in diameter, many vacuolar bodies, few lysosomes and lipid droplets, represent the active forms of parathyroid secretory cells.…”

Section: Anuramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are a number of reviews dealing with the morphology of amphibian parathyroid glands (Clark, 1983;Clark et al, 1986;Greep, 1963;Isono et al, 1990;Pang et al, 1980;Roth and Schiller, 1976). The aim of this review is to summarize the data of reports on development, morphology, and seasonal changes on the parathyroid glands in caecilia, urodela, and anura.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amphibian parathyroids: Morphological and functional aspects

Srivastav

Das²,

Das³

et al. 1995

Microscopy Res & Technique

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Amphibians living partially or totally in a terrestrial environment are the first tetrapods to possess parathyroid glands. Purely aquatic amphibians and amphibian larvae lack these endocrine glands. The parathyroids develop at the time of metamorphosis. The parathyroid glands in caecilians consist of a single cell type, that of urodeles may be composed of basal (supporting) cells and suprabasal (chief) cells, and that of anurans of small and large chief cells. Parathyroid glands of caecilians and anurans lack connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. The parathyroid cells become activated in response to decreased blood calcium concentration and undergo changes indicating increased parathyroid hormone secretion. Increased blood calcium concentration suppresses secretory activity. Usually, parathyroidectomy elicits hypocalcemia in most amphibians. Such operations have no effect in lower urodeles. Parathyroid hormone administration provokes hypercalcemia in most amphibians. The parathyroids of caecilians have not been studied in detail. The urodeles and anurans exhibit seasonal changes in the parathyroid glands. These changes may be initiated by environmental stimuli such as light, temperature, or alterations in blood calcium levels caused by natural hibernation.

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Section: Urodelamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Anuramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Anuramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amphibian parathyroids: Morphological and functional aspects

Srivastav

Das²,

Das³

et al. 1995

Microscopy Res & Technique

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“…In reptiles, the parathyroid and ultimobranchial glands have been the subject of extensive research (CLARK 1965,1971a, b, 1983, SEHE 1965, OGURO 1969, 1970, 1972, SENIOR 1974, CLARK and LAVERTY 1985, CLARK et al 1986, YAMADA et al 2001, SRIVASTAV et al 1995, 1998, however, the effects of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 (biologically active metabolite of vitamin D) on these glands in reptiles have not been investigated. Hence, in this study we have made an attempt to investigate the effects of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 on the plasma calcium and inorganic phosphate levels as well as on the histological changes in the ultimobranchial and parathyroid glands of the Indian garden lizard, Calotes versicolor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1,25(OH)2D3 Induced Alterations in Plasma Calcium, Inorganic Phosphate, Ultimobranhial Gland and Parathyroid Gland of the Garden Lizard, Calotes Versicolor

Srivastava¹,

Mishra²,

Srivastav³

et al. 2008

Zoologica Poloniae

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Abstract. Garden lizards Calotes versicolor were procured and given daily intraperitoneal injections of 30 pmol of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 /50 g body wt for 30 days. Lizards were sacrificed on the 1 st , 3 rd , 5 th , 10 th , 15 th and 30 th day of the experiment. The plasma calcium levels of C. versicolor remain unaffected after day 1 following 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment. After day 3 the levels increase significantly which progresses up to day 10. Thereafter, the plasma calcium level tends to decrease on day 15 and the levels become normal at day 30. In 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 injected lizards the plasma inorganic phosphate levels remain unaltered up to day 3. After day 5, the value increases significantly. This increase progresses up to day 15. On day 30, the levels become almost normal. The ultimobranchial gland exhibits hyperactivity following 5 day 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment which is expressed by an increase in the nuclear volume and weak staining response of the cytoplasm of ultimobranchial cells. After day 10, the nuclear volume is further increased and some of the cells are exhausted. Following 15 days 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment the nuclear volume records an increase and many degenerating cells are discerned. After day 30, the nuclear volume is almost normal, most cells seem to be recovered and only a few degenerating cells are noticed. After day 10 and day 15 following 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 treatment, the parathyroid glands of C. versicolor show reduced chromaticity of nuclei and a progressive decrease in the nuclear volume of parathyroidal cells. On day 30, the nuclear volume tends to become normal and a few degenerating cells are observed.

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Morphology and physiological significance of parathyroid glands in reptilia

Srivastav

Sasayama

Suzuki

1995

Microscopy Res & Technique

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Adult reptiles possess one or two pairs of parathyroid glands that have been shown in many species to derive from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches, respectively. Up to five pairs may develop during early embryonic life. Excess glands may involute during late embryogenesis. The location of the parathyroid glands differs in the various species. As a general rule, they lie just anterior to the heart, the anterior pair (parathyroid III) being associated with the carotid artery, the posterior pair (parathyroid IV) with the aortic arch. In snakes, however, the anterior pair (parathyroid III) is associated with the carotid artery near the angle of the jaw. As shown by light microscopy and, to a lesser extent, by electron microscopy, the parathyroid parenchyma comprises secretory cells which may form dark and light variants, occasional oxyphil cells, and stellate cells. They are arranged in cords separated by connective tissue containing a capillary network. Parathyroid secretory cells often form follicles which might be the result of degeneration. Degeneration may occur as a form of involution during winter in species undergoing seasonal changes. The product of parathyroid cells, the parathyroid hormone, is responsible for the maintenance of blood calcium concentration. The sites of action--bones, kidneys, intestine, endolymphatics, and dermal skeleton--are not well understood or not investigated. In some turtles, parathyroid hormone is not the (main) factor for the regulation of calcium homeostasis.

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The Parathyroid Glands

Cited by 3 publications

References 96 publications

Amphibian parathyroids: Morphological and functional aspects

Amphibian parathyroids: Morphological and functional aspects

1,25(OH)2D3 Induced Alterations in Plasma Calcium, Inorganic Phosphate, Ultimobranhial Gland and Parathyroid Gland of the Garden Lizard, Calotes Versicolor

Morphology and physiological significance of parathyroid glands in reptilia

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