“…Space-for-time substitution has been commonly used in soil chronosequence studies, which unquestionably has improved our knowledge of soil development. However, it also has encountered criticisms from the beginning (e.g., Nikiforoff, 1949;Stevens and Walker, 1970;Fitzpatrick, 1971;Chesworth, 1973aChesworth, , 1973bBockheim, 1980;Huggett, 1998;Richter and Markewitz, 2001;Buol et al, 2003;Sommer et al, 2008;Johnson and Miyanishi, 2008 …”