The participation of small-scale variable distributed renewable energy sources to the balancing services market

Challenges for large-scale Local Electricity Market implementation reviewed from the stakeholder perspective

“…The LEM presented by Oskouei et al [45] allows industrial parks to participate in the ancillary services considering the capacity of components. Agostini et al [46] present two models that allow DERs to participate in the ancillary services, but a DER is removed from the pool if its participation threatens the operation of the DSO.…”

Generalized Control of the Power Flow in Local Area Energy Networks

“…The future of electric systems is characterized by the increasing participation of endusers to fill the gap between energy demand and supply while ensuring the flexibility needed to face and to exploit the increasing complexity, decentralization, and interconnection of power systems. While in the first phase of the green energy transition the end-users acted as distributed investors and renewable energy suppliers, in future they will gain a role as market players, either individually or in aggregated form [1,2]. This was explicitly envisioned by the European Union within the 2019 directive "Clean Energy for All Europeans" that states "Consumers are the drivers of the energy transition" and "Consumers and communities will be empowered to actively participate in the electricity market" [3].…”

“…In principle, each user may decide, time by time, which part of his capacity (stored energy, active and reactive power) can be shared with the rest of the E-LAN to improve local performance (e.g., voltage stabilization, loss reduction, power sharing, stress reduction) or to meet system-level requirements (e.g., demand response, power factor at the point of common coupling with utility, transition from on-grid to off-grid operation, fault clearing, etc.). The remaining capacity can be used for private needs, e.g., smoothing of domestic power absorption or trading energy in the market [2,8].…”

“…Modern electricity scenarios foresee the possibility of trading the above operational functionalities as services for the upstream grid and therefore achieve economic benefits. In order to manage the system complexity and ensure a modular organization of E-LAN control, this typically involves the integration of economic and market layers in control hierarchy [2,13].…”

Renewable energy communities, digitalization and information

“…The Clean energy for all Europeans document [EU, 2019] represents the most up-to-date publication on European energy policy, indicating that consumers and small agents shall become the centre of the electric system. To make the decentralized model effective, however, infrastructures and markets shall be reorganized to increase as much as possible the inclusion of small and medium agents (see Agostini et al [2021] for an example of the functioning of local markets).…”