The Persian Empire

Kuhrt, Amélie

doi:10.4324/9780203607749

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…At the beginning of the Achaemenid kingdom, there were many ethnic tribes around Iran. According to Kuhrt (2013), some people were sedentary, engaged in on-farm (land preparation, cultivation, irrigation, harvesting), off-farm (processing, packaging, storage, transporting, and distributing products), and nonfarm activities (construction, mining, woodworking, metalworking, trading, stone cutting, and other services). Some tribes were nomads, guided by tribal laws and traditions.…”

Section: Study Area Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The distance between the mother-well and the qanat outlet varies from tens of meters to several tens of kilometers, reaching about 80 km in one of the longest qanats in Zarach City (Kobori, 1973;Eghtedari, 1974). The climatological, topographical, hydrogeological, and technological factors control the qanat discharge, which can range from 0.001 to 300 m 3 per hour (on average, 60 m 3 per hour) (Kuhrt, 2013).…”

Section: Study Area Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The technology, management, and culture of water in ancient Iran from prehistoric times to the Islamic Golden Age

Saatsaz

Rezaei

2023

Humanit Soc Sci Commun

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Despite Iran’s longstanding reputation for sustainable water management, the country currently faces mounting water-related challenges caused by population growth, industrial development, urban sprawl, lifestyle changes, climate change, territorial conflicts, poor management, and insufficient public participation. Since past and present water-related challenges share similar origins and patterns, addressing the past is imperative. After gathering, contextualizing, verifying, clustering, coding, and corroborating sources, we conducted a historical study to examine the relationship between water and Iranians from prehistoric times to the Islamic Golden Age (1219 AD). According to the findings, in prehistoric Iran, drought, flooding, river course changes, and the absence of a central government severely impacted water development. Despite doubts about the qanat’s origin, archaeological investigations indicate in the proto-historical period, qanat systems existed in Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. In 550 BC, the Achaemenids initiated a fundamental transformation in Iran’s water history by building dams, qanats, and water canals under a centralized administration. After a slump during the Seleucids (312–63 BC) and the Parthians (247 BC–224 AD), Iranians practiced water governance reborn under the Sassanids (224–651 AD). The Sassanids, like the Achaemenids, formed a powerful statement of unity, cooperation, and support among people for implementing their major water-related plans after enhancing institutions, laws, and communications. Chaotic Iran, however, endured severe water-related weaknesses in the Late Sassanids. Throughout the Islamic Golden Age, Iranians successfully traded water knowledge with other nations. As seen today in Iran, the Iranians have been unable to thrive on their resources since the Mongol invasion due to weak water governance, political tensions, and poor public support. The water sectors face more severe challenges when ancient water systems are ignored, applied without enhancement, or blindly adopted from other nations. Therefore, before current problems worsen, it is essential to integrate traditional and modern water cultures, technology, and management techniques.

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Section: Study Area Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Area Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The technology, management, and culture of water in ancient Iran from prehistoric times to the Islamic Golden Age

Saatsaz

Rezaei

2023

Humanit Soc Sci Commun

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“…Generally, the closest and the most comparable examples for the Qizqapan symbols can be found in Achaemenid art. A very important note is that amongst the various motifs from the Median, Achaemenid, Seleucid and Parthian periods, there are only a few rare examples of the trinity of symbols, all of which solely belong to the Achaemenid period (Kuhrt 2007: fig. 5.4; Perrot and Chipiez 1890: fig.…”

Section: The Symbolic Motifsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qizqapan: A Rock-Cut Tomb From the Median, Achaemenid, Seleucid or Parthian Period?

Rezaei¹

2021

Iraq

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More than eight decades have passed since Edmonds's introduction to the rock-cut Tomb of Qizqapan, yet there are still ambiguities and questions regarding a number of aspects, specifically its dating. Different dates from the Median, Achaemenid, Seleucid, and Parthian periods have been proposed for this monument. However, out of all the proposed eras, none has been fully accepted by the majority of archaeologists, and disagreements regarding the date still continue. This article reviews and analyses previous proposals and discusses and evaluates other elements which affect the dating of this monument. The results show that by taking into account several factors, the most probable date for this tomb is the fourth century B.C., contemporaneous with the late Achaemenid and the early Seleucid period. The conclusion is that Qizqapan does have a Median identity but not a Median period date.

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“…Kyros'un Kambises isminde bir oğlu vardır. 48 Herodotos'a göre ise II. Kyros'un, Casandane'dan Kambises ve Bardiya/Smerdis isimlerinde iki oğlu ve Atossa ile Artystone isimlerinde iki kızı vardır.…”

Section: Kyros'un Soyağacıunclassified

“…Kyros'un Silindir Kitabe'sinde kendisini "Anšan şehrinin kralı" olarak tanımlaması ve Anšan'ın önceden Elam Krallığı'nın önemli bir şehri olması Kyros isminin etimolojik köken bakımından Elamca bir sözcük olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Ancak bu düşüncenin doğruluğunu net şekilde ortaya koyacak bir kanıt henüz mevcut değildir 63. Diğer yandan Kyros isminin anlamı konusunda gerek Antikçağ yazarlarının verdiği bilgiler gerekse Orta ve Modern Farsçadaki kullanımlar, Kyros isminin etimolojik köken açısından Persçeye daha yakın olduğunu göstermektedir.…”

unclassified

Pers Kralı II. Kyros’un (Büyük Kyros) (M.Ö. 559-530) Soyağacı, Ailesi ve İsmi

Karaketir

2016

Journal of History and Future

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The Persian Empire

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

The technology, management, and culture of water in ancient Iran from prehistoric times to the Islamic Golden Age

The technology, management, and culture of water in ancient Iran from prehistoric times to the Islamic Golden Age

Qizqapan: A Rock-Cut Tomb From the Median, Achaemenid, Seleucid or Parthian Period?

Pers Kralı II. Kyros’un (Büyük Kyros) (M.Ö. 559-530) Soyağacı, Ailesi ve İsmi

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