The Perspective of Large-Scale Production of Algae Biodiesel

Bošnjaković, Mladen; Sinaga, Nazaruddin

doi:10.3390/app10228181

Cited by 122 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Microalgae (often single cells or clusters of cells) have received considerable attention for high value product generation [14] (e.g., astaxanthin, polyunsaturated fatty acids). In addition, many have high lipid yields, making them suitable for use in biodiesel generation [15]. Macroalgae, on the other hand, are often rich in carbohydrates and low in lipids and are sometimes referred to as 'seaweeds' though this is not strictly true.…”

Section: Algal Taxonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Targets for Improving Algal Biofuel Production

et al. 2021

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A number of technological challenges need to be overcome if algae are to be utilized for commercial fuel production. Current economic assessment is largely based on laboratory scale up or commercial systems geared to the production of high value products, since no industrial scale plant exits that are dedicated to algal biofuel. For macroalgae (‘seaweeds’), the most promising processes are anaerobic digestion for biomethane production and fermentation for bioethanol, the latter with levels exceeding those from sugar cane. Currently, both processes could be enhanced by increasing the rate of degradation of the complex polysaccharide cell walls to generate fermentable sugars using specifically tailored hydrolytic enzymes. For microalgal biofuel production, open raceway ponds are more cost-effective than photobioreactors, with CO2 and harvesting/dewatering costs estimated to be ~50% and up to 15% of total costs, respectively. These costs need to be reduced by an order of magnitude if algal biodiesel is to compete with petroleum. Improved economics could be achieved by using a low-cost water supply supplemented with high glucose and nutrients from food grade industrial wastewater and using more efficient flocculation methods and CO2 from power plants. Solar radiation of not <3000 h·yr−1 favours production sites 30° north or south of the equator and should use marginal land with flat topography near oceans. Possible geographical sites are discussed. In terms of biomass conversion, advances in wet technologies such as hydrothermal liquefaction, anaerobic digestion, and transesterification for algal biodiesel are presented and how these can be integrated into a biorefinery are discussed.

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Section: Algal Taxonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Targets for Improving Algal Biofuel Production

et al. 2021

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“…It has been estimated that CEM can be positioned under medium scale production in the R&D or industry as the possible exploration of algal biomass quantity was about 1.21 ton (little variable due to climatic fluctuations) per year. Therefore, the cost-effectiveness magnitude is found to be very much economical and is technically more viable [102,103].…”

Section: Biodiesel Yield Via Optimization Of the Transesterification Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characterization of Algae Oil and Optimization of Transesterification Parameters for Boosting of Algal Biodiesel Production from Spirulina Wild Stuff Explored in the Natural Habitation

Murthy

Kumar

2021

Egypt. J. Chem.

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The investigation was carried-out on standardizing the parameters for achieving biodiesel production from a distinctive approach where the identified wild stuff of algal biomass (Spirulina maxima) grown at its natural conditions. The composed algal wild stuff was subjected to extraction of the crude lipids using a flawless solvent system coupled with the soxhlet method. The accumulation of lipid contents was expansively analyzed and the oil obtained from lipid content was subjected to transesterification using both acid (H2SO4) and base (KOH) catalysts for its analogous fatty ester which is the potential way out to the high viscosity elements that ultimately converted algal oil into biodiesel. Further, the optimization of transesterification parameters for boosting algal biodiesel production at variable reaction factors was carried-out with respect to; molar ratio, temperature, reaction time, stirring speed, and amount of promising catalysts were also evaluated. In the acid esterification process, the acid value (AV) was reduced from 11.43 to 0.52 mg KOH/g of the feedstock and, the most favorable conditions for the highest yield of esterified oil were found at the molar ratio 8:1, temperature 65 0 C, catalyst concentration 1% (wt%) H2SO4 and the stirring speed of 600rpm for a reaction time of 90th minute. Whereas in the alkali transesterification, the optimum biodiesel (96.6%) was achieved, and promising conditions were recorded at molar ratio 6:1, temperature 60 O C, stirring speed of 500 rpm, catalyst concentration 0.3% (wt%) of KOH for a reaction time of 60th minute. The produced algal biodiesel was evaluated in contrast to ASTM standard specification and all the results within standards limit were observed. The Physicochemical properties of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol samples were also determined and the compositional analysis of crude glycerol was found to be significant in crude glycerol. Besides, the work-out on the effectiveness of capital and operating costs are found to be rational and this certainly makes algae fuel production commercially viable. However, the novelty of this study is to explore the wild stuff of S.maxima algae from its natural habitat for biodiesel production is significantly cost-effective which is possible by omitting the algal culturing segment in vitro.

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“…The knowledge gained thus far allows considering microalgae as a competitive source of biomass for biofuel production [6]. Scientific papers provide detailed descriptions of biofuel production technologies with this taxonomic group [7,8]. Microalgae have been shown to be the most efficient, prospective, and environmentally friendly source of biomass 2 of 16 and bio-oil, which can reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Analysis of Emissions from a Compression–Ignition Engine Powered by Diesel, Rapeseed Biodiesel, and Biodiesel from Chlorella protothecoides Biomass Cultured under Different Conditions

et al. 2021

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The priority faced by energy systems in road transport is to develop and implement clean technologies. These actions are expected to reduce emissions and slow down climate changes. An alternative in this case may be the use of biodiesel produced from microalgae. However, its production and use need to be justified economically and technologically. The main objective of this study was to determine the emissions from an engine powered by biodiesel produced from the bio-oil of Chlorella protothecoides cultured with different methods, i.e., using a pure chemical medium (BD-ABM) and a medium based on the effluents from an anaerobic reactor (BD-AAR). The results obtained were compared to the emissions from engines powered by conventional biodiesel from rapeseed oil (BD-R) and diesel from crude oil (D-CO). The use of effluents as a medium in Chlorella protothecoides culture had no significant effect on the properties of bio-oil nor the composition of FAME. In both cases, octadecatrienoic acid proved to be the major FAME (50% wt/wt), followed by oleic acid (ca. 22%) and octadecadienoic acid (over 15%). The effluents from UASB were found to significantly reduce the biomass growth rate and lipid content of the biomass. The CO2 emissions were comparable for all fuels tested and increased linearly along with an increasing engine load. The use of microalgae biodiesel resulted in a significantly lower CO emission compared to the rapeseed biofuel and contributed to lower NOx emission. Regardless of engine load tested, the HC emission was the highest in the engine powered by diesel. At low engine loads, it was significantly lower when the engine was powered by microalgae biodiesel than by rapeseed biodiesel.

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The Perspective of Large-Scale Production of Algae Biodiesel

Cited by 122 publications

References 98 publications

Key Targets for Improving Algal Biofuel Production

Key Targets for Improving Algal Biofuel Production

Chemical Characterization of Algae Oil and Optimization of Transesterification Parameters for Boosting of Algal Biodiesel Production from Spirulina Wild Stuff Explored in the Natural Habitation

A Comparative Analysis of Emissions from a Compression–Ignition Engine Powered by Diesel, Rapeseed Biodiesel, and Biodiesel from Chlorella protothecoides Biomass Cultured under Different Conditions

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