The Peru and Ecuador peace park: One decade after the peace settlement

Biodiversity conservation and armed conflict: a warfare ecology perspective

“…171,172 Following the 1995 Cenapa War between Peru and Ecuador, for example, treaty negotiations included formation of adjacent protected areas along the disputed border through the Cordillera del Condor. 173 Similar conservation measures have been proposed for other biodiverse boundary areas, including the Green Line Buffer Zone in Cyprus 174 and the Demilitarized Zone separating North and South Korea. 175,176…”

“…In some cases, buffer zones and other contested areas have been successfully set aside as permanent “peace parks,” establishing biodiversity conservation as a recognized tool for postwar compromise and cooperation . Following the 1995 Cenapa War between Peru and Ecuador, for example, treaty negotiations included formation of adjacent protected areas along the disputed border through the Cordillera del Condor . Similar conservation measures have been proposed for other biodiverse boundary areas, including the Green Line Buffer Zone in Cyprus and the Demilitarized Zone separating North and South Korea …”

“…119,120 r Creation of permanent "peace parks" along disputed borders. 173 r Opportunities to include biodiversity conservation priorities in postwar planning, reconstruction, and recovery efforts. 156,159 Major policy implications r Awareness of biodiversity conservation on military lands is increasing in North America, 72 Europe, 75 and elsewhere, 76 creating opportunities for integrated environmental management that preserve training capacity while promoting biodiversity and avoiding long-term habitat degradation.…”

Participation of civil society in decisions to mitigate environmental degradation in post-conflict societies: evidence from Somalia

“…The third is the notion that even conflicts where environmental degradation is not the root cause of the armed conflict, continuous environmental monitoring and environmental cooperation between the communities and governments can promote sustainable peace (Carius 2006;Conca and Wallace 2009;Conca and Dabelko 2002;Ogden 2018). The majority of environmental cooperation practices have been observed in transboundary international conflicts such as Palestine and Israel (Ide 2017), Peru and Ecuador (Kakabadse, Caillaux, and Dumas 2016), Serbia and Croatia (Ruckstuhl 2010), India and Pakistan (Ali 2013), and Armenia and Azerbaijan (Carius 2006). However, there are some successful cases within individual countries where non-state actors, as representatives of the larger community, worked jointly with the government to manage shared natural resources and that cooperation between non-state actors and the government prevented the eruption of violent conflict.…”

The Impact of Environmental Cooperation on Peacemaking: Definitions, Mechanisms, and Empirical Evidence

“…The Cordillera del Cóndor transboundary protected area also helped to maintain dialogue and to demilitarize the border zone between Peru and Ecuador after the end of their long-lasting conflict (Kakabadse, Caillaux, and Dumas 2016). Similar effects can be observed in the context of cooperation on the Rhine in post-1945 Europe (Swain 2016), on the Ganges between Bangladesh and India (Brichieri-Colombi and Bradnock 2003), on Lake Titicaca between Bolivia and Peru (Walters 2012), and on the Virunga bioregion between the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Uganda (Refisch and Jensen 2016).…”