The pH of dental plaques in the different areas of the mouth before and after meals and their relationship to the pH and rate of flow of resting saliva

Kleinberg, I.; Jenkins, G.N.

doi:10.1016/0003-9969(64)90015-9

Cited by 173 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…, lowest) pH of the plaque pH ranges shown. Its significance is that a sustained fasting pH so much higher than the salivary pH, as seen here, can happen only if substantial base formation is continually taking place within the dental plaque, particularly at this time of the day (Kleinberg and Jenkins, 1964;Kleinberg, 1967b).…”

Section: (Iv) Dental Plaque As a Mixed-bacterial Entity Of Coordinatementioning

confidence: 75%

“…In this study on 85 subjects (and about 12,000 pH measurements), the pH was highest in the morning before the subjects ate breakfast, lower after fermentable carbohydrate became available to the plaque bacteria throughout the mouth, and rose slowly thereafter toward baseline over a mean period of 3½ hours. The site variation in this pH synchrony was attributed by Kleinberg and Jenkins (1964) to two primary factors. One was variation in the access of the dentition sites to saliva, which followed a pattern largely determined by variation in amounts of saliva from the three pairs of major salivary glands and the intra-oral locations of their duct orifices (Schneyer and Levin, 1955a,b;Sreebny, 1987Sreebny, , 2000.…”

Section: (Iv) Dental Plaque As a Mixed-bacterial Entity Of Coordinatementioning

confidence: 90%

“…Highest pH occurred in plaque in the mandibular interproximals of the lower incisors. Lowest pH occurred in the same sites of the upper incisors (see Kleinberg and Jenkins, 1964, for the specifics of the individual sites). Mean resting saliva pH was 6.7 (from Kleinberg, 1970b).…”

Section: (V) Simulation Of the Stephan Ph Curve In Vitro With Single mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…A significant observation made in the comprehensive Kleinberg and Jenkins (1964) study with broad consequences was that plaque in dentition sites favored by saliva, and in individuals with a higher basal ( i.e. , resting) rate of salivary flow and pH, favored higher levels of plaque pH (Fig.…”

Section: (Iv) Dental Plaque As a Mixed-bacterial Entity Of Coordinatementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A Mixed-bacteria Ecological Approach to Understanding the Role of the Oral Bacteria in Dental Caries Causation: an Alternative to Streptococcus mutans and the Specific-plaque Hypothesis

Kleinberg

2002

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

Self Cite

282

131

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T oward the end of the 19th century, the new science of bacteriology arose as a result of major advances in the formulation of growth media and the development of techniques for isolating and studying bacteria. Micro-organisms proved to be major causes of several diseases that were fatal to humans.Disease occurred when a specific micro-organism reached a target site where the tissues and conditions enabled the organism to flourish and reach the elevated numbers needed to cause significant damage to the host and even death. W.D. Miller (1890) learned these isolation techniques and applied them to the examination of the many micro-organisms resident within the oral cavity. At the same time, he found that, collec - C ONTROVERSYResearch on dental caries has a long history, and the biology of its development has proved to be far more complex than anyone might have thought. Specificity and non-specificity of the causative bacteria have been at the center of the controversy of how this disease occurs and how it should be treated. From this article, it appears that the composition, metabolism, and caries-causing capability of applicable bacterial mixtures are integrated, and that they are affected collectively by oral ecological conditions and changes. This is an area of Oral Biology that needs further exploration and could provide significant dividends in the development of our understanding of human ecological infections in general.- ABSTRACT: For more than 100 years, investigators have tried to identify the bacteria responsible for dental caries formation and to determine whether their role is one of specificity. Frequent association of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus mutans with caries activity gave credence to their being specific cariogens. However, dental caries occurrence in their absence, and the presence of other bacteria able to produce substantial amounts of acid from fermentable carbohydrate, provided arguments for non-specificity. In the 1940s, Stephan found that the mixed bacteria in dental plaque produced a rapid drop in pH following a sugar rinse and a slow pH return toward baseline. This response became a cornerstone of plaque and mixed-bacterial involvement in dental caries causation when Stephan showed that the pH decrease was inversely and clearly related to caries activity. Detailed examination of the pH (acidbase) metabolisms of oral pure cultures, dental plaque, and salivary sediment identified the main bacteria and metabolic processes responsible for the pH metabolism of dental plaque. It was discovered that this metabolism in different individuals, in plaque in different dentition locations within individuals, and in individuals of different levels of caries activity could be described in terms of a relatively small number of acid-base metabolic processes. This led to an overall bacterial metabolic vector concept for dental plaque, and helped unravel the bacterial involvement in the degradation of the carbohydrate and nitrogenous substrates that produce the acids and alkali that aff...

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Section: (Iv) Dental Plaque As a Mixed-bacterial Entity Of Coordinatementioning

confidence: 75%

Section: (Iv) Dental Plaque As a Mixed-bacterial Entity Of Coordinatementioning

confidence: 90%

Section: (V) Simulation Of the Stephan Ph Curve In Vitro With Single mentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: (Iv) Dental Plaque As a Mixed-bacterial Entity Of Coordinatementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Mixed-bacteria Ecological Approach to Understanding the Role of the Oral Bacteria in Dental Caries Causation: an Alternative to Streptococcus mutans and the Specific-plaque Hypothesis

Kleinberg

2002

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

Self Cite

282

131

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“…Results of studies with human subjects have shown that plaque from caries-free subjects recovers more rapidly from acid formation than does plaque from caries-susceptible persons, and to higher final pH values (Stephan, 1944;Englander et al, 1956;Kleinberg and Jenkins, 1964;Rosen and Weisenstein, 1965;Turtola and Luoma, 1972;Mandel and Zengo, 1973;Abelson and Mandel, 1981;Vratsanos and Mandel, 1982). It had been observed, some time ago, that organisms in dental plaque were capable of forming base (Kleinberg and Jenkins, 1964), which apparently explained the difference between the pH values in plaque fluid recovered from caries-free and caries-active subjects (Margolis and Moreno, 1992). In support of the saliva-derived source of base were the observations showing that, if salivary contact with dental plaque was blocked, then differences between subjects with and those without caries experience became insignificant (Abelson and Mandel, 1981).…”

Section: (C) Regulation Of the S Mutans F-atpase Operonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Acid Adaptation in Oral Streptococci

Quivey

Kuhnert

Hähn

2001

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

117

107

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A growing body of information has provided insights into the mechanisms by which the oral streptococci maintain their niches in the human mouth. In at least one case, Streptococcus mutans, the organism apparently uses a panel of proteins to survive in acidic conditions while it promotes the formation of dental caries. Oral streptococci, which are not as inherently resistant to acidification, use protective schemes to ameliorate acidic plaque pH values. Existing information clearly shows that while the streptococci are highly related, very different strategies have evolved for them to take advantage of their particular location in the oral cavity. The picture that emerges is that the acid-adaptive regulatory mechanisms of the oral streptococci differ markedly from those used by Gram-negative bacteria. What future research must determine is the extent and complexity of the acid-adaptive systems in these organisms and how they permit the organisms to maintain themselves in the face of a low-pH environment and the microbial competition present in their respective niches.

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Alterations of nutritional status.Impact of chemotherapy and radiation therapy

Donaldson¹,

Lenon²

1979

Cancer

158

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The nutritional status of a cancer patient may be affected by the tumor, the chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy directed against the tumor, and by complications associated with that therapy. Chemotherapy-radiotherapy is not confined exclusively to malignant cell populations; thus, normal tissues may also be affected by the therapy and may contribute to specific nutritional problems. Impaired nutrition due to anorexia, mucositis, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may be dependent upon the specific chemotherapeutic agent, dose, or schedule utilized. Similar side effects from radiation therapy depend upon the dose, fractionation, and volume irradiated. When combined modality treatment is given the nutritional consequences may be magnified. Prospective, randomized clinical trials are underway to investigate the efficacy of nutritional support during chemotherapy-radiotherapy on tolerance to treatment, complications from treatment, and response rates to treatment. Preliminary results demonstrate that the administration of total parenteral nutrition is successful in maintaining weight during radiation therapy and chemotherapy, but that weight loss occurs after discontinuation of nutritional support. Thus, long-term evaluation is mandatory to learn the impact of nutritional support on survival, disease-free survival, and complication rates, as well as on the possible prevention of morbidity associated with aggressive chemotherapy-radiation therapy.

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The pH of dental plaques in the different areas of the mouth before and after meals and their relationship to the pH and rate of flow of resting saliva

Cited by 173 publications

References 16 publications

A Mixed-bacteria Ecological Approach to Understanding the Role of the Oral Bacteria in Dental Caries Causation: an Alternative to Streptococcus mutans and the Specific-plaque Hypothesis

A Mixed-bacteria Ecological Approach to Understanding the Role of the Oral Bacteria in Dental Caries Causation: an Alternative to Streptococcus mutans and the Specific-plaque Hypothesis

Genetics of Acid Adaptation in Oral Streptococci

Alterations of nutritional status.Impact of chemotherapy and radiation therapy

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