The Photelometer and Its Use in the Clinical Laboratory

Sanford, Arthur; Sheard, Charles; Osterberg, Arnold E.

doi:10.1093/ajcp/3.6.405

Cited by 65 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Murphy has observed that subjects receiving [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] (29). In view of the fact that such dilution in our experiments should have been maximal at the conclusion of the infusion but diuresis did not occur in the sitting subjects until they assumed the recumbent position, sometimes several hours later, this hypothesis receives no support.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Water Diuresis” Produced During Recumbency by the Intravenous Infusion of Isotonic Saline Solution 1

Strauss¹,

Davis²,

Rosenbaum³

et al. 1951

J. Clin. Invest.

241

142

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Control of renal excretion of water in man is largely vested in the supra-optico-hypophyseal system. When the tonicity of the blood plasma and extracellular fluid rises, an increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leads to the conservation of water inasmuch as urinary solutes are excreted with a minimum of water. Conversely, when tonicity falls, a diminution of ADH output permits the excretion of a large volume of dilute urine. In both instances homeostasis is served.Many stimuli, in addition to hypertonicity, increase ADH production, including certain anaesthetic (1) and narcotic drugs (2), barbiturates (3), smoking (4, 5) and nicotine (6, 7), acetylcholine (8), exercise (9), emotion (9), syncope ( 10), pain ( 11 ) and conditioned reflexes ( 11 ), as well as the direct electrical (12) or acetylcholine (13) stimulation of nerve cells and fibers connected with the pars nervosa of the pituitary gland. Removal of amounts of blood insufficient to alter blood pressure significantly may nevertheless lead to increased ADH activity (9). There is also suggestive evidence that there may at times be increased ADH activity in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (14,15).In contrast to the many factors which may lead to increased antidiuretic activity few other than destructive lesions involving the supra-optico-hypophyseal system and hypotonicity of the plasma and extracellular fluid have been reported to cause a decline in ADH activity. These are hypnotic suggestion (1), alcohol administration (16-18), and exposure to cold (19).1 Reviewed in the Veterans Administration and published with the approval of the Chief Medical Director. The statements and conclusions published by the authors are the result of their own study and do not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy of the Veterans Administration.It is the purpose of this communication to present evidence that a rather rapid isotonic expansion of extracellular fluid volume (or some factor associated with such a volume increase) leads to a water diuresis of the type which follows diminished ADH activity. METHODSThe subjects were three essentially healthy male adults hospitalized for the investigation of minor symptoms for which no organic cause was found and which cleared rapidly. Without previous preparation2 they came to the laboratory one to two hours after breakfast, voided, and began the timed collection of urine specimens. When it became apparent that the flow of urine was diminishing, blood was collected without stasis from an antecubital vein after the arm had been immersed in hot water for five minutes to arterialize the blood (20), following which 3,000 ml. of 0.9 per cent solution of sodium chloride in water (Sp. Gr. 1.005 at 15°C.) was infused intravenously at a constant rate of 25 ml./min., the entire infusion requiring two hours. A blood sample was collected from the opposite arm immediately upon the completion of the infusion, and a third at a subsequent time. Urine was voided at intervals during and after the infusion, the subject standing for ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Water Diuresis” Produced During Recumbency by the Intravenous Infusion of Isotonic Saline Solution 1

Strauss¹,

Davis²,

Rosenbaum³

et al. 1951

J. Clin. Invest.

241

142

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“…Hematocrit was determined in Wintrobe tubes after centrifuging for 30 minutes at 2,500 r.p.m. Whole blood hemoglobin was determined by the direct photometric method of Sanford, Sheard and Osterberg (10). The method of Phillips et al; (11) (13).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen Balance Studies on the Kempner Rice Diet

Schwartz¹,

Merlis²

1948

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…Presence or absence of pallor was assessed, by a clinical of® cer, registered nurse or medical doctor, by examining the conjunctivae, nail beds, palms and oral mucosa. Haemoglobin concentration (g/dl) was estimated by a photometric method (Sanford et al, 1933) or by dividing the haematocrit, determ ined by capillary-tube centrifugation, by 3.0.…”

Section: Assessm Ent and Laborato Ry Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association of pallor with haemoglobin concentration and mortality in severe malaria

Mabeza

Biemba

Brennan³

et al. 1998

Annals of Tropical Medicine And Parasitology

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To identify a marker associated with poor outcome in severe malaria that requires no technology, the relationship between the presence of pallor and mortality was reviewed retrospectively in 291 Zambian children with cerebral malaria. The mean (S.D.) haemoglobin concentration among the 222 children assessed as having pallor on admission was significantly lower than that among the 69 children not considered to have pallor [6.0 (1.9) v. 9.2 (1.6) g/dl; P < 0.0005]. Thirty-nine (17.6%) of the children presenting with pallor died, compared with only five (7.2%) of those without pallor (P = 0.036). The adjusted odds of death in children with pallor on admission was 2.8 times higher than that in children without pallor (95% confidence interval = 1.03-7.7; P = 0.044). The clinical observation of pallor may therefore identify children with low haemoglobin concentrations and a high risk of mortality. Whether mothers and village health workers can be taught to recognize pallor in a child with malaria and then to seek early medical attention will need to be determined in further studies.

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The Photelometer and Its Use in the Clinical Laboratory

Cited by 65 publications

References 0 publications

“Water Diuresis” Produced During Recumbency by the Intravenous Infusion of Isotonic Saline Solution 1

“Water Diuresis” Produced During Recumbency by the Intravenous Infusion of Isotonic Saline Solution 1

Nitrogen Balance Studies on the Kempner Rice Diet

The association of pallor with haemoglobin concentration and mortality in severe malaria

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