The Photochemical Potential of Some Sunscreens to Damage DNA

Knowland, John; McHugh, Peter J.; Dunford, Rosemary

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10135-3_3

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…are accomplished in bright sunlight; therefore the use of photosensitive sunscreens ingredients may lead to skin phototoxicity. Currently used sunscreens are unable to provide protection from photoaging, photo-immunosuppression, and photo-carcinogenesis instead reported a role in DNA damage (Knowland et al, 1997). Inadequate protection of sunscreens may be associated with the lack of durability of the application, the lack of inadequacy of UVA filters in sunscreens, and the photo-instability of UV filters which result in less protection (Haywood et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sunscreen-induced expression and identification of photosensitive marker proteins in human keratinocytes under UV radiation

et al. 2019

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Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the main factor of photocarcinogenesis, photoaging, and photosensitivity; thus protection from biological damaging UV radiation is a concern. Sunscreens containing UV filters are the most preferred means of photoprotection but the safety and efficacy of UV filters are in question. Benzophenone (BP) and its derivatives, namely, benzophenone 1 (BP1), is commonly used in sunscreens as a UV blocker. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of BP and BP1 on the differential expression of proteins in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) under exposure to ultraviolet A radiation. Photosensitive proteins were screened from HaCaT cells by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis, and identification of these differentially expressed proteins was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF)/TOF mass spectrometry. Protein identification was performed using the search program MASCOT and a database made of SUMO and GhJMJ12 amino acid sequences. Our results showed that the proteins involved directly or indirectly in apoptosis are 70 kDa heat shock protein, long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, serine/threonine-protein kinase, and FAM78A protein, which were upregulated in comparison to control HaCaT cells. The expressions of binding immunoglobulin protein, podocalyxin-like protein, actin, cytoplasmic, and calreticulin precursors were downregulated. The altered protein expression indicated that cell growth arrest and apoptosis were potential mechanisms of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of BPs. The results of 2-D gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry showed expression of novel proteins involved in promoting or initiating apoptotic pathways. Hence, we conclude that BPs should be avoided as a UV blocker from sunscreens because of its potential to promote apoptotic proteins in human skin keratinocytes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sunscreen-induced expression and identification of photosensitive marker proteins in human keratinocytes under UV radiation

et al. 2019

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“…The most important recommendations on sun behavior forwarded by the IARC are, moving into the shade, wearing UV protective clothing (IARC, 2000b) and that advertising should avoid promoting sunscreens for intentional sun exposure (IARC, 2000b). Furthermore, evidence is increasing that sunscreens may not be as harmless as they have been supposed to be (Knowland et al, 1997). Suncare products are a mixture of many different ingredients, all of them should resist UV doses relevant for a sunny day.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Change of Ultraviolet Absorbance of Sunscreens by Exposure to Solar-Simulated Radiation

Maier

Schauberger

Brunnhofer

et al. 2001

Journal of Investigative Dermatology

104

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Regarding the outdoor behavior of the Caucasian population, modern sunscreens should provide high and broad-spectrum ultraviolet protection in the ultraviolet B as well as in the ultraviolet A range and should be photochemically stable for ultraviolet doses, which can be expected in solar radiation. At present an assessment of the photostability of suncare products is not a general requirement before marketing. In order to evaluate the photostability of suncare products we conducted an in vitro test and measured the spectral absorbance of 16 sunscreens before, and after exposure to increasing biologically weighted standard erythema doses (5, 12.5, 25, 50) of solar-simulated radiation. Seven of 16 suncare products showed a significant dose- and wavelength-dependent decrease of the ultraviolet A protective capacity, whereas the ability to absorb ultraviolet B was not affected. In the ultraviolet A range, the decrease of absorbance (photoinactivation), respectively, the increase of transmission was 12-48% for an ultraviolet exposure of 25 standard erythema dose. Photoinactivation started in the wavelength range between 320 and 335 nm with a maximum above 350 nm. Furthermore, our analysis showed that the behavior of suncare products was not predictable from its individual ingredients. Neither complex combinations of organic filters nor addition of inorganic filters could absolutely prevent photoinactivation. The inclusion of a single photounstable filter did not mean photoinstability of the complete suncare product. Photoinactivation of sunscreens appears to be an underestimated hazard to the skin, first, by formation of free radicals, second, by increased ultraviolet A transmission.

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“…Studies with PABA derivatives have, in general, been shown to protect against UV-induced skin tumor formation in rodents. For example, Kligman et al (77) found that Padimate 0, the alleged photomutagen (55,78), significantly reduced UVR-induced tumor formation in albino hairless mice. More recently Reeve and Kerr (79) found that a solution of Padimate 0 with a protection factor of 6, nearly abolished the tumor response even at UV doses equal to the protection factor, i.e.…”

Section: Studies With Organic Sunscreeensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although metal oxides, TiO, and ZnO, have been used for years in consumer products and are generally considered to be inert, recent photocatalytic applications of TiO, (84,85) have led some to a reconsideration of their effect in sunscreens. TiOz is a semiconductor that can absorb light and under certain conditions generate free radicals (43,44,78). The band gap (3 eV for Ti02) is a measure of the minimum energy in electron volts required to promote an electron from the valence band to the conduction band.…”

Section: Studies With Inorganic Sunscreensmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Sunscreen Safety and Efficacy

1998

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The use of sunscreen products has been advocated by many health care practitioners as a means to reduce skin damage produced by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sunlight. There is a need to better understand the efficacy and safety of sunscreen products given this ongoing campaign encouraging their use. The approach used to establish sunscreen efficacy, sun protection factor (SPF), is a useful assessment of primarily UVB (290-320 nm) filters. The SPF test, however, does not adequately assess the complete photoprotective profile of sunscreens specifically against long wavelength UVAI (340-400 nm). Moreover, to date, there is no singular, agreed upon method for evaluating UVA efficacy despite the immediate and seemingly urgent consumer need to develop sunscreen products that provide broad-spectrum UVB and UVA photoprotection. With regard to the safety of UVB and UVA filters, the current list of commonly used organic and inorganic sunscreens has favorable toxicological profiles based on acute, subchronic and chronic animal or human studies. Further, in most studies, sunscreens have been shown to prevent the damaging effects of UVR exposure. Thus, based on this review of currently available data, it is concluded that sunscreen ingredients or products do not pose a human health concern. Further, the regular use of appropriate broad-spectrum sunscreen products could have a significant and favorable impact on public health as part of an overall strategy to reduce UVR exposure.

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The Photochemical Potential of Some Sunscreens to Damage DNA

Cited by 6 publications

References 28 publications

Sunscreen-induced expression and identification of photosensitive marker proteins in human keratinocytes under UV radiation

Sunscreen-induced expression and identification of photosensitive marker proteins in human keratinocytes under UV radiation

Change of Ultraviolet Absorbance of Sunscreens by Exposure to Solar-Simulated Radiation

A Review of Sunscreen Safety and Efficacy

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