The Phytophthora RXLR Effector Avrblb2 Modulates Plant Immunity by Interfering With Ca2+ Signaling Pathway

Naveed, Zunaira Afzal; Bibi, Shaheen; Ali, Gul Shad

doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00374

Cited by 25 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…SFI8/Avrblb2 is a core P. infestans RXLR effector, found to have multiple host targets associated with diverse defense mechanisms. In addition to targeting MAPK signaling, SFI8/Avrblb2 and its other homologs interact with diverse calmodulins (CaMs) (Naveed et al, 2019). CaMs are ubiquitous Ca 2+ sensors in eukaryotes that play a major role in calcium signaling by interacting with numerous downstream targets.…”

Section: Modulation Of Mapk and Calcium Signaling Pathways By Rxlr Efmentioning

confidence: 99%

The PTI to ETI Continuum in Phytophthora-Plant Interactions

et al. 2020

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Phytophthora species are notorious pathogens of several economically important crop plants. Several general elicitors, commonly referred to as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), from Phytophthora spp. have been identified that are recognized by the plant receptors to trigger induced defense responses in a process termed PAMP-triggered Immunity (PTI). Adapted Phytophthora pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to evade PTI. They can either modify or suppress their elicitors to avoid recognition by host and modulate host defense responses by deploying hundreds of effectors, which suppress host defense and physiological processes by modulating components involved in calcium and MAPK signaling, alternative splicing, RNA interference, vesicle trafficking, cell-to-cell trafficking, proteolysis and phytohormone signaling pathways. In incompatible interactions, resistant host plants perceive effector-induced modulations through resistance proteins and activate downstream components of defense responses in a quicker and more robust manner called effector-triggered-immunity (ETI). When pathogens overcome PTI—usually through effectors in the absence of R proteins—effectors-triggered susceptibility (ETS) ensues. Qualitatively, many of the downstream defense responses overlap between PTI and ETI. In general, these multiple phases of Phytophthora-plant interactions follow the PTI-ETS-ETI paradigm, initially proposed in the zigzag model of plant immunity. However, based on several examples, in Phytophthora-plant interactions, boundaries between these phases are not distinct but are rather blended pointing to a PTI-ETI continuum.

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Section: Modulation Of Mapk and Calcium Signaling Pathways By Rxlr Efmentioning

confidence: 99%

The PTI to ETI Continuum in Phytophthora-Plant Interactions

et al. 2020

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“…our data also indicate that upon the activation of Ca 2+ influx, multiple Ca 2+ sensors may participate in the coordinated transmission of Ca 2+ -signaling, since CaCDPK15, CaCBL1 and CaCML13 are all participate in the pepper defense-signaling against R. solanacearum infection. This arrangement may make the immune-signaling less sensitive to the attacks of pathogen derived effectors, once per component is destroyed by pathogens, it may be compensated on time by other components, since components in Ca 2+ -signaling such as calmodulin may be target of pathogen derived effectors [12,13]. Another biologic importance of the involvement of multiple-signaling components in defense-signaling is that it can provide great regulatory potential for the feasible response of plants to different environmental conditions, since different signaling components can be modulated by internal or external stimulus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CaCML13 Acts Positively in Pepper Immunity Against Ralstonia solanacearum Infection Forming Feedback Loop with CabZIP63

Shen

Yang

2020

IJMS

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Ca2+-signaling—which requires the presence of calcium sensors such as calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin-like (CML) proteins—is crucial for the regulation of plant immunity against pathogen attack. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, especially the roles of CMLs involved in plant immunity remains largely uninvestigated. In the present study, CaCML13, a calmodulin-like protein of pepper that was originally found to be upregulated by Ralstonia solanacearum inoculation (RSI) in RNA-seq, was functionally characterized in immunity against RSI. CaCML13 was found to target the whole epidermal cell including plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. We also confirmed that CaCML13 was upregulated by RSI in pepper roots by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The silencing of CaCML13 significantly enhanced pepper plants’ susceptibility to RSI accompanied with downregulation of immunity-related CaPR1, CaNPR1, CaDEF1 and CabZIP63. In contrast, CaCML13 transient overexpression induced clear hypersensitivity-reaction (HR)-mimicked cell death and upregulation of the tested immunity-related genes. In addition, we also revealed that the G-box-containing CaCML13 promoter was bound by CabZIP63 and CaCML13 was positively regulated by CabZIP63 at transcriptional level. Our data collectively indicate that CaCML13 act as a positive regulator in pepper immunity against RSI forming a positive feedback loop with CabZIP63.

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“…Csa2G007990 encodes calmodulin and is highly expressed in cucumber. Naveed et al (2019) found that when calmodulin bound to the effector peptide protein Avrblb2, it incited a hypersensitive response. Csa2G009430 encodes a transmembrane protein that has been widely studied in animal disease resistance, but not in plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inheritance and Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping of Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Cucumber

Dong

et al. 2019

Front. Plant Sci.

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Fusarium wilt (FW) is a very serious soil-borne disease worldwide, which usually results in huge yield losses in cucumber production. However, the inheritance and molecular mechanism of the response to FW are still unknown in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). In this study, two inbred cucumber lines Superina (P1) and Rijiecheng (P2) were used as the sensitive and resistant lines, respectively. A mixed major gene plus polygene inheritance model was used to analyze the resistance to FW in different generations of cucumber, namely, P1, P2, F1 (P1×P2), B1, and B2, obtained by backcrossing F1 plants with Superina (B1) or Rijiecheng (B2), and F2, obtained by self-crossing the F1 plants. After screening 18 genetic models, we chose the E-1 model, which included two pairs of additive-dominance-epistatic major genes and additive-dominance polygenes, as the optimal model for resistance to FW on the basis of fitness tests. The major effect quantitative trait locus (QTL) fw2.1 was detected in a 1.91-Mb-long region of chromosome 2 by bulked-segregant analysis. We used five insertion/deletion markers to fine-map the fw2.1 to a 0.60 Mb interval from 1,248,093 to 1,817,308 bp on chromosome 2 that contained 80 candidate genes. We also used the transcriptome data of Rijiecheng inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (Foc) to screen the candidate genes. Twelve differentially expressed genes were detected in fw2.1, and five of them were significantly induced by FW. The expression levels of the five genes were higher in FW-resistant Rijiecheng inoculated with Foc than in the control inoculated with water. Our results will contribute to a better understanding of the genetic basis of FW resistance in cucumber, which may help in breeding FW-resistant cucumber lines in the future.

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The Phytophthora RXLR Effector Avrblb2 Modulates Plant Immunity by Interfering With Ca2+ Signaling Pathway

Cited by 25 publications

References 61 publications

The PTI to ETI Continuum in Phytophthora-Plant Interactions

The PTI to ETI Continuum in Phytophthora-Plant Interactions

CaCML13 Acts Positively in Pepper Immunity Against Ralstonia solanacearum Infection Forming Feedback Loop with CabZIP63

Inheritance and Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping of Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Cucumber

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