The pictogram of the pes planus from the first century AD

Wokaunn, Mario; Ferenčić, Stella Fatović; Mikolaučić, Michele

doi:10.1007/s00264-013-2020-4

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Another interesting finding regarding flatfoot dates to the first century A.D. during the reign of the emperor Trajan (Italica 53 A.D.–Selinunte 117 A.D.) in the town of Ephesus, where an engraved pictogram footprint of a flatfoot on the Marble Road was found [ 4 ]. This road led to the great theatre and to the Celsus Library, as a portion of the sacred way that led to the Temple of Artemis [ 34 ].…”

Section: The Most Ancient Image and The First Description Of Flatfootmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To our knowledge, this engraved pictogram is probably among the oldest representations of a flatfoot in history [ 4 ]. It consists of three symbols: the foot, a female head with a bust, and a pierced heart opposite the female figure, symbolising the woman waiting in a brothel and her eagerness for love.…”

Section: The Most Ancient Image and The First Description Of Flatfootmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was thus believed to represent an advertisement for a brothel, and it is a realistic illustration of a flat left foot. By the studies of Wokaunn , Ferenčić , and Mikolaučić in 2013, the flatfoot diagnosis has been confirmed by arch index calculation [ 4 ].…”

Section: The Most Ancient Image and The First Description Of Flatfootmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Essential for the stability of the plantar arches are the dynamic musculo-tendinous structures: the tibialis posterior tendon, tendons of the flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus muscles, the peroneus longus and brevis muscle, the plantar calcaneonavicular and the deltoid ligaments, and the plantar aponeurosis [ 3 ]. Although most forms of pes planus are a widespread condition across time periods, unlike clubfoot, historical medical texts and ancient illustrations on its evolution throughout history to contemporary scientific literature are extremely rare [ 4 ]. The goal of this historical review is to try to fill this gap.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flatfoot over the centuries: the background of current conservative and operative treatments

Biz,

Cerchiaro,

Mori

et al. 2023

International Orthopaedics (SICOT)

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Purpose Although flatfoot is a widespread human condition, historical medical texts and ancient illustrations on this deformity are extremely rare. Nowadays, doubts regarding its management remain unsolved. This historical review aims to identify the presence of pes planus since the prehistoric era and examine the treatments proposed over the centuries up to the present. Method For this propose, we performed an extensive electronic search of the relevant literature, complemented by a manual search of additional sources from archaeological to artistic, literary, historical, and scientific accounts, describing flatfoot and its treatment in different eras. Results Flatfoot accompanied the evolutionary timeline of human species: from Lucy Australopithecus to Homo Sapiens. It was described among various diseases suffered by Tutankhamun (1343–1324 B.C.), while the first anatomical description dates to Emperor Trajan (53–117 A.D.) and the medical studies of Galen (129–201 A.D.). It was also represented in the anatomical drawings of Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) and Girolamo Fabrici d'Acquapendente (1533–1619). Historically, the conservative treatment by insoles was the only one proposed until the nineteenth century. Since then, the most popular surgical procedures performed for correction have been osteotomies, arthrodesis, arthrorisis, and tendon lengthening and transfer. Conclusion During the centuries, conservative therapeutic strategies have not radically changed in their substance, while operative ones have become the protagonists during the twentieth century up to the present. Nevertheless, after more than 2000 years of history, there is no consensus regarding the best indication for the flatfoot and if it really needs to be treated.

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Section: The Most Ancient Image and The First Description Of Flatfootmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Most Ancient Image and The First Description Of Flatfootmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Most Ancient Image and The First Description Of Flatfootmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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