The Pneumococcus and Its Critical Role in Public Health

Oligbu, Godwin; Fry, Norman K.; Ladhani, Shamez

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9199-0_17

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Based on capsular polysaccharide composition, almost 100 serotypes of S. pneumoniae have been identified [7]. However, some serotypes are associated with IPD [1,[8][9][10][11]. Moreover, vaccine serotypes, such as 6B, 9 V, 14, 19A, 19F, and 23F, are more likely than others to be resistant to antimicrobials [9,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic resistance pattern, capsular types, and molecular characterization of invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the south of Tunisia from 2012 to 2018

et al. 2023

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Background Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this study, we sought to analyze serotype distributions, antibiotic resistance, and genetic relationships of 106 clinical invasive pneumococcal isolates recovered in Tunisia between 2012 and 2018, prior to the routine use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV). Methods We used multiplex PCR, the disk diffusion method and/or E-test, and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Results The most frequent serotypes were 14 (17%), 19F (14.2%), and 3 (11.3%). Of the 106 S. pneumoniae isolates, 67.9% were penicillin non-susceptible (29.4% were resistant), 45.3% were amoxicillin non-susceptible (17% were resistant), and 16% were cefotaxime non-susceptible. For antibiotics other than β-lactams, resistance rates to erythromycin, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, and chloramphenicol were 62.3, 33, 22.6, and 4.7%, respectively. Two isolates were non-susceptible to levofloxacin. Among 66 erythromycin-resistant pneumococci, 77.3% exhibited the cMLSB phenotype, and 87.9% carried ermB gene. All tetracycline-resistant strains harbored the tetM gene. The potential coverage by 7-, 10-, and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines were 55.7, 57.5, and 81.1%, respectively. A multilocus sequence typing analysis revealed great diversity. Fifty different sequence types (STs) were identified. These STs were assigned to 10 clonal complexes and 32 singletons. The most common STs were 179, 2918, 386, and 3772 – related mainly to 19F, 14, 6B/C, and 19A serotypes, respectively. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the majority of the serotypes of invasive pneumococci in the Tunisian population were 14, 19F, and 3. Moreover, we noted a high degree of genetic diversity among invasive S. pneumoniae isolates. The highest proportions of antibiotic non-susceptible isolates were for penicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Further molecular characteristics are required to monitor the genetic variations and to follow the emergence of resistant pneumococci for the post-vaccination era in Tunisia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic resistance pattern, capsular types, and molecular characterization of invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the south of Tunisia from 2012 to 2018

et al. 2023

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“…Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common Gram-positive diplococcus pathogen that mainly causes pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), and tympanitis in children ( Dockrell et al, 2012 ; Korona-Glowniak et al, 2018 ; Oligbu et al, 2019 ). In the recent decade, S. pneumoniae has been frequently reported as the causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis in adults ( Rozenbaum et al, 2013 ; Argemi et al, 2016 ; Oordt-Speets et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Predominant Serotypes, Drug Resistance, and Virulence Genes of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates From East China

et al. 2022

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common diplococcus pathogen found worldwide. The characterization of predominant serotypes, drug resistance, and virulence genes of S. pneumoniae isolates prevailing in different areas and countries is clinically important for choice of antibiotics and improvement of vaccines. In this study, pneumonia (78.7%) and meningitis (37.0%) were the predominant diseases observed in the 282 (children) and 27 (adults) S. pneumoniae-infected patients (p < 0.05) from seven hospitals in different areas of East China. Of the 309 pneumococcal isolates, 90.3% were classified by PCR into 15 serotypes, with serotypes 19F (27.2%) and the 6A/B (19.1%) being most predominant (p < 0.05). Importantly, serotypes 15A and 15B/C combined for a total of 10.4% of the isolates, but these serotypes are not included in the 13-valent pneumococcal capsule conjugate vaccine used in China. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis by the E-test showed that >95% of the 309 pneumococcal isolates were susceptible to moxifloxacin and levofloxacin, as well as 18.4, 85.8, and 81.6% of the isolates displayed susceptibility to penicillin, cefotaxime, and imipenem, respectively. A significant correlation between the prevalence of predominant serotypes and their penicillin resistance was observed (p < 0.05). In particular, >95% of all the pneumococcal isolates showed resistance to erythromycin and azithromycin. Of the nine detected virulence genes, the lytA, ply, hysA, and nanA were the most common with 95–100% positive rates in the 309 pneumococcal isolates, while the pavA and psaA genes displayed a significant correlation with pneumococcal bacteremia and meningitis (p < 0.05). Overall, our data suggested that the predominant serotypes, drug resistance, and virulence genes of the S. pneumoniae isolates prevailing in East China are distinct from those observed in other areas of China and adjacent countries.

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“…Over the years, 100 different serotypes of this human pathogen have been discovered [ 8 , 9 ]; among them, 23 serotypes are responsible for 80–90% of invasive infections, with some serotypes (1, 2, 4, 5, 7F, 8, 9,12F, 14, 16, 18C, 19A) more invasive compared to others (3, 6A, 6B, 11A, 15B/C,19, and 23F) [ 10 ]; specifically, serotypes 1 and 3 are more often isolated from patients with pneumonia, whilst 6, 10, and 23 are usually isolated from patients with meningitis and serotype 14 and 19A are the most common worldwide for IPD [ 11 ]. However, 62% of invasive diseases worldwide is due to ten most common types [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pneumonia and Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases: The Role of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the Era of Multi-Drug Resistance

et al. 2021

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Streptococcus pneumoniae related diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in children and in the elderly population. It is transmitted to other individuals through droplets and it can spread to other parts of the human host, causing a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes, affecting between 10 and 100 cases per 100,000 people in Europe and the USA. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by this agent, pneumococcal vaccines have been developed over the years and have shown incredible effectiveness in reducing the spread of this bacterium and the development of related diseases, obtaining a significant reduction in mortality, especially in developing countries. However, considerable problems are emerging mainly due to the replacement phenomenon, multi-drug resistance, and the high production costs of conjugated vaccines. There is still a debate about the indications given by various countries to different age groups; this is one of the reasons for the diffusion of different serotypes. To cope with these problems, significant efforts have been made in the research field to further improve vaccination serotypes coverage. On the other hand, an equally important commitment by health care systems to all age group populations is needed to improve vaccination coverage.

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The Pneumococcus and Its Critical Role in Public Health

Cited by 12 publications

References 33 publications

Antibiotic resistance pattern, capsular types, and molecular characterization of invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the south of Tunisia from 2012 to 2018

Antibiotic resistance pattern, capsular types, and molecular characterization of invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the south of Tunisia from 2012 to 2018

Molecular Characterization of Predominant Serotypes, Drug Resistance, and Virulence Genes of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates From East China

Pneumonia and Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases: The Role of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the Era of Multi-Drug Resistance

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