The possible role of the endocrine disrupting chemicals on the premature and early menopause associated with the altered oxidative stress metabolism

Abstract

KEYWORDSoxidative stress, premature menopause, endocrine disruptors, early menopause, antioxidant status body (3, 4).EDCs exert toxic effects even at low concentrations since they contribute to several pathogeneses, including infertility, endocrine dysfunction, impaired hormone metabolism, cancer, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular dysfunction, and reproductive and neurological disorders (5). On the other hand, the female reproductive system is directly affected by EDCs, for instance, premature aging of ovaries, and impaired follicle formation, growth, and activity. Moreover, endometriosis, premature births, polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility, epigenetic changes in DNA methylation, genotoxicity, and prolonged puberty are adverse outcomes of EDCs exposure in females (5-7). Dysregulation in the female reproductive system can lead to premature and early Frontiers in Endocrinology frontiersin.org 01

A relação dos disruptores endócrinos na saúde reprodutiva feminina

“…Por conseguinte, a menopausa marca o fim da fase reprodutiva e ocorre naturalmente entre 45 e 55 anos, sendo determinada pela ausência da menstruação por 12 meses consecutivos. Já a menopausa precoce ocorre entre 40 e 45 anos e a prematura antes dos 40, caracterizadas por insuficiência ovariana, ou seja, ausência completa da função ovariana (Aydemir & Ulusu, 2023).…”

“…Consideravelmente, segundo Aydemir & Ulusu (2023), o BPA pode acelerar ou esgotar o desenvolvimento dos folículos e gerar a falência ovariana prematura ou início precoce. Com essa premissa, Özel et al (2019) verificou os níveis séricos de ftalatos e BPA em pacientes diagnosticadas com insuficiência ovariana prematura e mulheres férteis.…”

“…Corroborando com o trabalho acima,Mukherjee et al (2021) eAydemir & Ulusu (2023) enfatizam os ftalatos e BPA como importantes substâncias disruptoras endócrinas. Assim sendo, os ftalatos contemplam um grupo composto por alquildiésteres de ácido ftálico, encontrados em produtos industriais como cosméticos, brinquedos, embalagens de alimentos e bebidas, produtos farmacêuticos e domésticos que podem ser facilmente liberados dos produtos para o meio ambiente.…”

Pathophysiological Effects of Contemporary Lifestyle on Evolutionary-Conserved Survival Mechanisms that Disturb the Hallmarks of Health in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

“…Endocrine disrupting chemicals have a significant role in chronic systemic inflammation (284), insulin resistance (285), hyperandrogenism (286), microbiome disruption (287) neuroendocrine imbalance (288), obesity (289), oxidative stress (290), AGE (291), and inflammasomes (292), all of which are involved in the pathophysiology of PCOS. Intervention trials, randomized-controlled trials (RCT), and systematic reviews of RCT, will never be possible or ethical in humans.…”

“…Hypotheses about mechanisms of causation need to be based on observational studies in humans, human bio-monitoring studies, intervention studies in animals, and disasters from inadvertent human exposure (279). Large amounts of data are already available that provide "evidence" of the potential harmful effects of EDC in humans (284)(285)(286)(287)(288)(289)(290)(291)(292)(293). The implementation of the "Precautionary Principle" (294), is supported by a long list of previous known disasters that have occurred due to delayed action, or negligent inaction (diethylstilbestrol, thalidomide, nicotine, dioxin, asbestos, mesh) (295).…”