The potential for complementary targeted/non-targeted screening of novel psychoactive substances in equine urine using liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry

Cawley, Adam; Pasin, Daniel; Ganbat, Namuun; Ennis, Laura; Smart, Corrine; Greer, Candace; Keledjian, John; Fu, Shanlin; Chen, Alex

doi:10.1039/c6ay00156d

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Several screening methods have been applied for the detection of groups of substances with similar properties and pharmacological activities (class based methods). [91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99] However, in recent years, research groups have shown a tendency to the establishment of comprehensive screening methodologies that provide broad coverage of a large number of different doping agents in equestrian sports. In general terms, the above purpose has been achieved by:…”

Section: Detection Methods In Equine Anti-doping For Small Moleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other small molecules ---Anabolic androgenic steroids Decloedt et al [96] --Novel phychoactive substances Cawley et al [97] --Biphosphonates Stanley et al [101] Stanley et al [101] Various substances Heffron et al [99] , Kwok et al [100] , Rosemann et al [103] , Kioussi et al [107] , Zahra et al [113] , Howitt et al [121] , Howitt et al [122] growth hormone. [28,29] In the study of Richards et al, [27] although there is no indication that the particular aptamer offers advantages over the use of a polyclonal GnRH antibody, the provision of sufficient information that aptamers are worthy of consideration as affinity reagents has been proven.…”

Section: --mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti‐doping

Fragkaki

Kioukia‐Fougia

Kiousi

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The artificial increase of the physical capability of horses using drugs is well known in racing and other equine sports. Both illicit and therapeutic substances are regarded as prohibited substances in competition in most countries. Some countries make distinctions for a few, specific drugs which are, however, allowed for use in other countries. The primary objective in the case of doping control is the detection of any trace of drug exposure, either parent drug or any of its metabolites, using the most powerful analytical methods which are generally based on chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques. Of major concern in horseracing is the absence of a single organization regulating the anti-doping framework; instead of this, individual racing authorities provide rules and regulations often resulting in variations in the applied doping control programmes of different countries. The aim of this paper is to review the recent literature (approximately from 2012 to mid-2016) to highlight the numerous and diverse challenges faced in doping control of racing and equestrian sports, including the detection of designer drugs (anabolic steroids or stimulants) and of other emerging prohibited substances, such as peptides and noble gases in horse urine and plasma. Moreover, the application of 'omics' techniques (especially of metabolomics) deserves attention for establishing possible fingerprints of drug abuse as well as the evolution of instrumental analysis resulting a powerful ally in the fight against doping in equine sports.

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Section: Detection Methods In Equine Anti-doping For Small Moleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: --mentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti‐doping

Fragkaki

Kioukia‐Fougia

Kiousi

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…However, it may be difficult to obtain such a representative pooled sample that accounts for variations in endogenous component profiles in the population. A more innovative approach to identify exogenous components was reported by Cawley et al [82], who described the use of differential analysis software for the detection of phenethylamine-type NPS in equine urine using SIEVE® (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for doping control (Figure 4). …”

Section: Top-down Non-targeted Screeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once a component of interest has been selected, a putative structure can be postulated from the molecular formula, DBE and interpretation of MS/MS spectra using known CID pathways [82,93,95]. However, the assessment of MS/MS spectra requires experienced analysts who are familiar with the CID pathways of NPS.…”

Section: Component Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current applications of high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of new psychoactive substances: a critical review

Pasin

Cawley

Bidny³

et al. 2017

Anal Bioanal Chem

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117

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The proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in recent years has resulted in the development of numerous analytical methods for the detection and identification of known and unknown NPS derivatives. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has been identified as the method of choice for broad screening of NPS in a wide range of analytical contexts due to its ability to measure accurate masses using data-independent acquisition (DIA) techniques. Additionally, it has shown promise for non-targeted screening strategies that have been developed in order to detect and identify novel analogues without the need for certified reference materials (CRMs) or comprehensive mass spectral libraries. This paper reviews the applications of HRMS for the analysis of NPS in forensic drug chemistry, clinical and forensic toxicology. It provides an overview of the sample preparation procedures in addition to data acquisition, instrumental analysis and data processing techniques.Furthermore, it will give an overview of the current state of non-targeted screening strategies with discussion on future directions and perspectives of this technique.3

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