The potential for grain refinement of Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured (WAAM) Ti-6Al-4V by ZrN and TiN inoculation

Kennedy, J. R.; Davis, Alec; Caballero, Armando; Williams, Stewart; Pickering, Ed; Prangnell, P.B.

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.101928

Cited by 32 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…A simple methodology was employed to add Y to the melt pool, whereby Y powder was premixed with a polyurethane adhesive and then applied as a thin coating to the top of each new deposited layer. The minimum amount of adhesive (polyurethane) was used to prevent the powder being blown off the deposit by the plasma torch (a similar method has been employed previously [26,52] and by Bermingham et al [23]). The 99.5% purity Y powder used in the investigation was sourced from Sigma Aldrich with a 40-mesh particle size (< 420 μm).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Grain refinement is also possible by metallurgical means during solidification, through changing the alloy composition, by the addition of heterogeneous nucleation sites (inoculation) and/or the addition of solutal growth restrictors [21]. A number of inoculant systems have been trialled in AM with Ti64 with varying degrees of success [22][23][24][25][26], but have the disadvantage that they involve the introduction of hard second phase particles into a high performance material, which can provide sites for damage nucleation [27]. Solutal growth restrictors are elements that segregate strongly in the liquid ahead of the solidification front, modifying the constitutional undercooling encountered by the growing solid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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β Grain refinement by yttrium addition in Ti-6Al-4V Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing

Kennedy

Davis

Caballero

et al. 2022

Journal of Alloys and Compounds

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

β Grain refinement by yttrium addition in Ti-6Al-4V Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing

Kennedy

Davis

Caballero

et al. 2022

Journal of Alloys and Compounds

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“…In addition, the more complex the product structure, the more obvious the role of the manufacturing speed [4,5]. Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has become an important branch of material manufacturing technology for rapid repair of large and complex metal structures in recent years, to which scholars have paid an increasing amount of attention [6][7][8]. WAAM is developed based on surfacing welding technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hybrid-Manufactured Maraging Steel Component Using 4% Nitrogen Shielding Gas Fabricated by Wrought-Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Deng

Yang

et al. 2022

Coatings

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Recent advances in hybrid-manufactured steel components have provided more geometrical freedom for the manufacturing of parts with desired properties. The wrought-wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) components using different shielding gases were fabricated in this paper. The results showed that there were four parts in the microstructure, including the WAAM deposition zone, grain growth zone, heat affect zone (HAZ) and substrate zone. The grain growth zone containing large martensite laths had a significant effect on the final tensile strength. In the WAAM deposition zone, the austenite content increased from 2.5% to 7.6% because of the addition of 4% nitrogen. The fracture position shifted from the grain growth zone of the N2-0% sample to the WAAM deposition zone of the N2-4% sample owing to the strengthening machines of solid solution and finer grain. Nano-precipitate Cr2N plays an important role in grain refinement, which is believed to enhance the mechanical properties of the grain growth zone. Under a 4% nitrogen content in the shielding gas, the tensile strength of the hybrid-manufactured sample using 4% nitrogen shielding gas was 1186 MPa, which is approaching the level of the WAAM-fabricated sample.

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“…[18] Alloy modification: where trace elements are added to either promote solutal growth restriction, [31,32] or increase nucleation at low undercoolings through inoculation. [21,33,34] Unfortunately, these methods all have intrinsic associated complications such as the challenges and additional cost of implementing the techniques (e.g., inter-pass deformation and ultrasonic agitation) or the introduction of unwanted, brittle, intermetallic particles and the requirement for alloy requalification, as a result of alloy modification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Microstructure Refinement in Wire-Arc Additively Manufactured Ti–6Al–2Sn–4Zr–2Mo–0.1Si and Ti–6Al–4V Built With Inter-Pass Deformation

Davis

Caballero

Biswal

et al. 2022

Metall Mater Trans A

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The titanium alloy Ti–6Al–2Sn–4Zr–2Mo–0.1Si (Ti6242) has been deposited for the first time by a directed energy deposition process using a wire and arc system—i.e., wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)—with and without inter-pass machine hammer peening, and its microstructure investigated and compared to the more commonly used alloy Ti–6Al–4V (Ti64). The application of inter-pass machine hammer peening—where each added layer was deformed before deposition—successfully refined the strongly textured, coarse, columnar β-grain structure that is commonly seen in α + β titanium alloys, producing a finer equiaxed grain structure with a near-random α texture. The average grain diameter and texture strength decreased with the peening pitch. When Ti6242 was deposited under identical conditions to Ti64, by switching the alloy feed wire in-situ, the refined β-grain size decreased across the alloy-to-alloy transition reaching on average 25 pct less in Ti6242 than in Ti64. A similar 25 pct scale reduction was also found in the Ti6242 α-lath transformation microstructure. This comparatively greater microstructure refinement in Ti6242 was attributed to the dissimilar alloying elements present in the two materials; specifically, molybdenum, which has a lower diffusivity than vanadium and led to slower β-grain growth during reheating as well as a finer transformation microstructure.

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The potential for grain refinement of Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured (WAAM) Ti-6Al-4V by ZrN and TiN inoculation

Cited by 32 publications

References 46 publications

β Grain refinement by yttrium addition in Ti-6Al-4V Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing

β Grain refinement by yttrium addition in Ti-6Al-4V Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hybrid-Manufactured Maraging Steel Component Using 4% Nitrogen Shielding Gas Fabricated by Wrought-Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Comparison of Microstructure Refinement in Wire-Arc Additively Manufactured Ti–6Al–2Sn–4Zr–2Mo–0.1Si and Ti–6Al–4V Built With Inter-Pass Deformation

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