The Present and Future of the Mass Spectrometry‐based Investigation of the Exosome Landscape

Abstract

Exosomes are critical intercellular messengers released upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the cellular plasma membrane that deliver their cargo in the form of extracellular vesicles. Containing numerous nonrandomly packed functional proteins, lipids, and RNAs, exosomes are vital intercellular messengers that contribute to the physiologic processes of the healthy organism. During the post‐genome era, exosome‐oriented proteomics have garnered great interest. Since its establishment, mass spectrometry (MS) has been indispensable for the field of proteomics research and has advanced rapidly to interrogate biological samples at a higher resolution and sensitivity. Driven by new methodologies and more advanced instrumentation, MS‐based approaches have revolutionized our understanding of protein biology. As the access to online proteomics database platforms has blossomed, experimental data processing occurs with more speed and accuracy. Here, we review recent advances in the technological progress of MS‐based proteomics and several new detection strategies for MS‐based proteomics research. We also summarize the use of integrated online databases for proteomics research in the era of big data. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev

Exosomes: Isolation, characterization, and biomedical applications

“…Introduction of MS into the field of proteomics and lipidomic provide increased assay sensitivity and throughput. Indeed, comprehensive analysis of exosome protein contents can be performed by MS‐based proteomics provide (L. Xu et al, 2020). Particularly, liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectroscopy (LC‐MS/MS) is predominantly used.…”

“… Suppression of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (L. Xu et al, 2020) …”

“…• Enhance cardioprotection in myocardial infarction (K. Wang et al, 2017) Umbilical cord • Suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (L. Xu et al, 2020) MSCs-exosomes • Tumor inhibition in bladder cancer via delivery of miR-139-5p (Jia et al, 2021) • Repair the heart after myocardial infarction via delivery of circular RNA 0001273 • Protection against renal interstitial fibrosis via modulating ROS-mediated P38MAPK/ERK signaling pathway (Y.-C. Liu et al, 2020) • Improvement of neurologic function and promoting angiogenesis in spinal cord injury (Y. Zhang et al, 2020) • Inhibition of inflammation and fibrosis and prevention of development of diabetic nephropathy (Xiang et al, 2020) • Increase the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to chemotherapy (Qiu et al, 2020) • Traverse the blood-brain barrier, induce autophagy reduce neuronal loss and apoptosis, and increase striatal dopamine repairing Parkinson's disease model (Chen et al, 2020) • Alleviation of acute liver injury through delivery miR-455-3p (Shao et al, 2020) • Promote the recovery of hepatic oxidant injury through the delivery of glutathione peroxidase1 (GPX1) (Y.…”

Current status of research on exosomes in general, and for the diagnosis and treatment of kidney cancer in particular

“…Exosomes were previously considered non-functional substances until 2007, when it was discovered that exosomes may act as ‘messengers’ that carry genetic material for the exchange of intercellular information and act within the recipient cells, suggesting that exosomes can be involved in intercellular information exchange [ 21 – 23 ]. The membrane structure of exosomes is resistant to exogenous proteases and RNA enzymes, thus resulting in more stable intracellular functional proteins, messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) that make exosomes a sensitive marker for disease diagnosis [ 24 , 25 ]. In many diseases, exosomes can function by altering cellular or tissue states, and exosome-related assays can be used as effective and non-invasive methods for disease diagnosis and monitoring [ 9 , 10 ].…”

MALDI-MS-based biomarker analysis of extracellular vesicles from human lung carcinoma cells

“…15 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of ight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), which is one of the most powerful tools, has been widely applied to analyze biological samples. 16,17 Lin and co-workers reported EVs proteome proling method by using MALDI-TOF MS from the protein extracts. 18 The results showed the potentials of the MS-based technique in EVs analysis.…”