The primary cilium at a glance

Satir, Peter; Pedersen, Lotte B.; Christensen, Søren T.

doi:10.1242/jcs.050377

Cited by 461 publications

(433 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…The PC is generally considered as a non-motile organelle that grows from the centriole and protrudes from the plasma membrane of most cell types. 4,5 It functions as a transducer of inputs from the extracellular environment into different cellular signaling pathways, acting as a sensory antenna. 5 Recent studies have shown that signals emanating from ciliated structures control the formation of autophagosomes.…”

Section: Open Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,5 It functions as a transducer of inputs from the extracellular environment into different cellular signaling pathways, acting as a sensory antenna. 5 Recent studies have shown that signals emanating from ciliated structures control the formation of autophagosomes. 7 A role for autophagy in ciliogenesis and control of cilia length has also been demonstrated.…”

Section: Open Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples are the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) pathway, the Wnt pathway and the Ca 2+ signaling cascade (see Figure 1 for an overview of ciliary structure and signaling). 5,22 Hh signaling. The Hh pathway is involved in regulation of cell proliferation, cell fate determination, the epithelial-tomesenchymal transition and in homeostasis maintenance in adult cells.…”

Section: Cilium: Structure and Signalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PDGF receptor alpha (PDGFRα), a widely expressed protein, localizes specifically to the PC in quiescent fibroblasts in a ligand-dependent manner, and induces activation of Akt, Mek1/2, Erk1/2 and Rsk pathways at the axoneme and in the basal body. 4,5 PC-dependent PDGFRα pathway induces MAPK activation, as well as regulates the ubiquitous plasma membrane Na + /H + exchanger NHE1. Both MAPK and NHE1 ultimately regulate cell proliferation, survival and migration during embryogenesis.…”

Section: Cilium: Structure and Signalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,3 Cilia are microtubule-based structures present at the surface of many cells. 4,5 Depending on the microtubule composition and function, cilia fall into two classes: motile …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Autophagy and regulation of cilia function and assembly

et al. 2014

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Motile and primary cilia (PC) are microtubule-based structures located at the cell surface of many cell types. Cilia govern cellular functions ranging from motility to integration of mechanical and chemical signaling from the environment. Recent studies highlight the interplay between cilia and autophagy, a conserved cellular process responsible for intracellular degradation. Signaling from the PC recruits the autophagic machinery to trigger autophagosome formation. Conversely, autophagy regulates ciliogenesis by controlling the levels of ciliary proteins. The cross talk between autophagy and ciliated structures is a novel aspect of cell biology with major implications in development, physiology and human pathologies related to defects in cilium function. Cell Death and Differentiation (2015) 22, 389-397; doi:10.1038/cdd.2014.171; published online 31 October 2014 FactsAutophagy is a degradative and recycling mechanism that allows cells to adapt to stress situations including nutrient deprivation. Primary cilia (PC) and motile cilia (MC) are sensory structures at the cell surface. PC sense nutrient, growth factor and calcium changes in the extracellular environment and also respond to mechanical stress. MC are beating structures that contribute to innate defense in the lung, for example. The PC is a site for the recruitment of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins that mediate autophagosome formation in response to cilium-dependent signaling. In turn, autophagy regulates the biogenesis of cilia by degrading certain proteins involved in cilia formation. Modulation of autophagy represents a new therapeutic opportunity in diseases related to defective cilia function. Open QuestionsHow are ATG proteins transported to the PC? How do ATG proteins recruited to the PC contribute to the biogenesis of phagophores and autophagosomes? Ciliary proteins are degraded by autophagy. How selective is this degradative pathway? Do some of these proteins contain motifs that result in selective engulfment by autophagosomes?What are the determinants that switch the degradation of ciliary proteins between basal and induced autophagy? Is there any specific function for cilium-dependent autophagy in ciliated cells? Do signals that trigger cilium-dependent autophagy depend on the stimuli (chemical, mechanical) or do all stimuli converge to a single signaling pathway upstream of the autophagy machinery? Can modulation of autophagy contribute to the restoration of cilium functions?Receptors, transporters and specialized plasma membrane structures such as cilia constitute the interfaces between the extracellular and intracellular milieu and allow the cells to trigger specific responses to adapt to changes imposed by the environment. Among these adaptive responses, macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as 'autophagy') is a catabolic process conserved in eukaryotic cells by which the cell recycles its own constituents. 1 Autophagy is involved in the adaptation to starvation, cell differentiation and development, the degradation of aberrant structure...

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Section: Open Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Open Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cilium: Structure and Signalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cilium: Structure and Signalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,3 Cilia are microtubule-based structures present at the surface of many cells. 4,5 Depending on the microtubule composition and function, cilia fall into two classes: motile …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Autophagy and regulation of cilia function and assembly

et al. 2014

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Isolation of Primary Cilia by Shear Force

Mitchell

2013

CP Cell Biology

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The cell's primary cilium is both a mechanical and chemical sensor involved in many signaling pathways. In order to ascertain protein enrichment in the primary cilium or study sub‐ciliary localization of various proteins, it is advantageous to remove the primary cilium from the cell body. The protocol described here gives detailed instructions on purifying primary cilia by separating them from the cell body using shear force. This simple technique avoids using harsh purification conditions that may affect signaling proteins in the cilium or cause the ciliary membrane to disintegrate. In addition, as the cell body remains mostly intact, contamination of the isolated cilia by proteins from the cell body is minimized. This protocol is ideally suited for isolating cilia from renal cell lines, as primary cilia in these cells grow to greater lengths than in other cell types (up to 50‐µm long in Xenopus A6 toad kidney cells as opposed to 1 to 5 µm in NIH3T3 fibroblast cells). Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 59:3.42.1‐3.42.9. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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YAP1 modulation of primary cilia‐mediated ciliogenesis in 2D and 3D prostate cancer models

Guo,

Dupart,

Irondelle

et al. 2024

FEBS Letters

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The primary cilium, a non‐motile organelle present in most human cells, plays a crucial role in detecting microenvironmental changes and regulating intracellular signaling. Its dysfunction is linked to various diseases, including cancer. We explored the role of ciliated cells in prostate cancer by using Gefitinib and Jasplakinolide compounds to induce ciliated cells in both normal and tumor‐like prostate cell lines. We assessed GLI1 and IFT20 expression and investigated YAP1 protein's role, which is implicated in primary cilium regulation. Finally, we examined these compounds in 3D cell models, aiming to simulate in vivo conditions. Our study highlights YAP1 as a potential target for novel genetic models to understand the primary cilium's role in mediating resistance to anticancer treatments.

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The primary cilium at a glance

Cited by 461 publications

References 61 publications

Autophagy and regulation of cilia function and assembly

Autophagy and regulation of cilia function and assembly

Isolation of Primary Cilia by Shear Force

YAP1 modulation of primary cilia‐mediated ciliogenesis in 2D and 3D prostate cancer models

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