The primary ice phase field in the H2O-NaCl-dimethyl sulphoxide ternary system

Hildebrandt, Wilhelm; Cocks, F. H.; Shepard, M.L.

doi:10.1007/bf00544706

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…4a, b, and c for three R values. These are compared with experimental phase data given by the ternary phase equations of Pegg [7] based on the published data of Hildebrandt et al [3]. For R = 4.60, the two curves slowly diverge with increasing wt% up to 42% where the synthetic curve has a freezing point that is 6.9 °C higher.…”

Section: The Ternary System Dmso/nacl/watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ternary data of cryobiological interest are available for glycerol [11], DMSO [3], sucrose [1], and EG [13]. They were obtained by differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry.…”

Section: Literature Ternary Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It requires access to a $50,000 instrument; it requires a number of runs at many concentrations to determine a single isopleth; and it requires that such runs be repeated for each R value used. The consequence has been that relatively few such determinations have been published: glycerol/NaCl/water [11], DMSO/NaCl/water [3]; sucrose/NaCl/water [1]; and EG/NaCl/water [13]. A much greater number of binary phase diagrams (solute/water) are available and we wished to determine whether usable ternary phase diagrams could be synthesized by combining binary phase data for a CPA/water solution with binary phase data for NaCl/water.…”

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Comparison of actual vs. synthesized ternary phase diagrams for solutes of cryobiological interest

Kleinhans

Mazur

2007

Cryobiology

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Phase diagrams are of great utility in cryobiology, especially, those consisting of a cryoprotective agent (CPA) dissolved in a physiological salt solution. These ternary phase diagrams consist of plots of the freezing points of increasing concentrations of solutions of cryoprotective agents (CPA) plus NaCl. Because they are time-consuming to generate, ternary diagrams are only available for a small number of CPAs. We wanted to determine whether accurate ternary phase diagrams could be synthesized by adding together the freezing point depressions of binary solutions of CPA/water and NaCl/water which match the corresponding solute molality concentrations in the ternary solution. We begin with a low concentration of a solution of CPA+salt of given R (CPA/salt) weight ratio. Ice formation in that solution is mimicked by withdrawing water from it which increases the concentrations of both the CPA and the NaCl. We compute the individual solute concentrations, determine their freezing points from published binary phase diagrams, and sum the freezing points. These yield the synthesized ternary phase diagram for a solution of given R. They were compared with published experimental ternary phase diagrams for glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sucrose, and ethylene glycol (EG) plus NaCl in water. For the first three, the synthesized and experimental phase diagrams agreed closely, with some divergence occurring as wt% concentrations exceeded 30% for DMSO and 55% for glycerol, and sucrose. However, in the case of EG there were substantial differences over nearly the entire range of concentrations which we attribute to systematic errors in the experimental EG data. New experimental EG work will be required to resolve this issue.

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Section: The Ternary System Dmso/nacl/watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Ternary Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of actual vs. synthesized ternary phase diagrams for solutes of cryobiological interest

Kleinhans

Mazur

2007

Cryobiology

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“…38 This assumption has been validated by experimental measurements. 40 Several DSC heating-scans of water-NaCl-2.2% glycerin solutions as a function of the NaCl concentration from -125 to 20°C are shown in Figure 7A. Figure 7B represents the magnified curves and their first derivatives.…”

Section: Mechanism Of the Suppressive Effects Of Salts On Coalescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Suppressive Effects of Salts on Droplet Coalescence in a Commercially Available Fat Emulsion During Freezing for Storage

Komatsu

Okada

Handa

1997

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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To assess possible improvements in the practical use of long-term freezing storage for commercially available fat emulsions, the effects of salts on coalescence (fusion) of emulsions during freeze-thawing cycles were studied. For this purpose, apparent size changes were measured by dynamic light scattering, and the dispersed droplets were directly observed by freeze-fracture electron microscopy before and after the freeze-thawing processes. Intravenous high-calorie nutrient fluid, based on soybean oil in water (2.2 wt% glycerin) and emulsified by egg phosphatides, was selected as a representative commercially available fat emulsion. Possible mechanisms of the suppressive effects of various salts (Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs chlorides) on coalescence during repeated freezing with liquid nitrogen and subsequent thawing were examined in terms of the zeta-potential of the emulsion droplets and differential scanning calorimetry heating curves of the water-salt-glycerin ternary solution. The suppressive effects of salts on the coalescence of the emulsion droplets during freeze-thaw cycles could be ascribed to the suppression of ice crystal formation and the condensation of the droplets in unfrozen aqueous channels between the ice crystals during the freezing cycle.

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“…As a result, only a few such ternary phase diagrams have been determined: e.g. the phase diagram for the glycerol/NaCl/water system was studied by Shepard et al[8]; Dimethyl sulphoxide/NaCl/water by Hildebrandt et al[22]; sucrose/NaCl/water by Gayle et al[6]; and EG/NaCl/water by Woods et al[25]. Only part of a quaternary phase diagram of propane-1,2-diol/glycerol/NaCl/water was determined [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the quaternary phase diagram of the water–ethylene glycol–sucrose–NaCl system and a comparison between two theoretical methods for synthetic phase diagrams

2010

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Characterization of the thermodynamic properties of multi-solute aqueous solutions is of critical importance for biological and biochemical research. For example, the phase diagrams of aqueous systems, containing salts, saccharides, and plasma membrane permeating solutes, are indispensible in the field of cryobiology and pharmacology. However, only a few ternary phase diagrams are currently available for these systems. In this study, an auto-sampler differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to determine the quaternary phase diagram of the water-ethylene glycol-sucrose-NaCl system. To improve the accuracy of melting point measurement, a "mass redemption" method was also applied for the DSC technique. Base on the analyses of these experimental data, a comparison was made between the two practical approaches to generate phase diagrams of multi-solute solutions from those of single-solute solutions: the summation of cubic polynomial melting point equations versus the use of osmotic virial equations with cross coefficients. The calculated values of the model standard deviations suggested that both methods are satisfactory for characterizing this quaternary system.

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The primary ice phase field in the H2O-NaCl-dimethyl sulphoxide ternary system

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Comparison of actual vs. synthesized ternary phase diagrams for solutes of cryobiological interest

Comparison of actual vs. synthesized ternary phase diagrams for solutes of cryobiological interest

Suppressive Effects of Salts on Droplet Coalescence in a Commercially Available Fat Emulsion During Freezing for Storage

Determination of the quaternary phase diagram of the water–ethylene glycol–sucrose–NaCl system and a comparison between two theoretical methods for synthetic phase diagrams

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