The Primate Cerebellar Cortex: A Golgi and Electron Microscopic Study

Fox, Clement A.; Hillman, Dean E.; Siegesmund, Kenneth A.; Dutta, Chitta R.

doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60965-6

Cited by 170 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Lugaro cells are currently viewed as the primary target of serotoninergic input into the cerebellar cortex (Dieudonne and Dumoulin 2000). They are also innervated by recurrent Purkinje cell axon collaterals (Palay and Chan-Palay 1974), and basket cells (Fox et al 1967). Finally, it has been observed that Lugaro cells are sensitive to ADP, as mediated through P2Y purinoreceptors, and that P2Y receptor activation may modulate inhibitory input from Lugaro to Purkinje cells (see below) in a complex spatio-temporal pattern (Saitow et al 2005).…”

Section: Large Inhibitory Interneurons Of the Granule Cell Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Besides Purkinje cells and granule neurons: an appraisal of the cell biology of the interneurons of the cerebellar cortex

Schilling

Oberdick

Rossi

et al. 2008

Histochem Cell Biol

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Ever since the groundbreaking work of Ramon y Cajal, the cerebellar cortex has been recognized as one of the most regularly structured and wired parts of the brain formed by a rather limited set of distinct cells. Its rather protracted course of development, which persists well into postnatal life, the availability of multiple natural mutants, and, more recently, the availability of distinct molecular genetic tools to identify and manipulate discrete cell types have suggested the cerebellar cortex as an excellent model to understand the formation and working of the central nervous system. However, the formulation of a unifying model of cerebellar function has so far proven to be a most cantankerous problem, not least because our understanding of the internal cerebellar cortical circuitry is clearly spotty. Recent research has highlighted the fact that cerebellar cortical interneurons are a quite more diverse and heterogeneous class of cells than generally appreciated, and have provided novel insights into the mechanisms that underpin the development and histogenetic integration of these cells. Here, we provide a short overview of cerebellar cortical interneuron diversity, and we summarize some recent results that are hoped to provide a primer on current understanding of cerebellar biology.

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Section: Large Inhibitory Interneurons Of the Granule Cell Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Besides Purkinje cells and granule neurons: an appraisal of the cell biology of the interneurons of the cerebellar cortex

Schilling

Oberdick

Rossi

et al. 2008

Histochem Cell Biol

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“…Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) amplify vestibular primary afferent mossy fiber projections through synaptic feedforward excitation onto granule cells (Diño et al, 2000;Nunzi et al, 2001). Basket cell inhibitory axon terminals encapsulate Purkinje cell somata (Andersen et al, 1964;Eccles et al, 1965;Fox et al, 1967). Stellate cell inhibitory axon terminals synapse directly on Purkinje cell smooth dendrites (Eccles et al, 1965;Fox et al, 1967).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Basket cell inhibitory axon terminals encapsulate Purkinje cell somata (Andersen et al, 1964;Eccles et al, 1965;Fox et al, 1967). Stellate cell inhibitory axon terminals synapse directly on Purkinje cell smooth dendrites (Eccles et al, 1965;Fox et al, 1967). Golgi cell inhibitory axon terminals contribute to the classic glomerular synapse on granule cells shared by excitatory mossy fiber terminals (Cajal, 1911;Eccles et al, 1966;Hámori and Szentágothai, 1966;Fox et al, 1967).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stellate cell inhibitory axon terminals synapse directly on Purkinje cell smooth dendrites (Eccles et al, 1965;Fox et al, 1967). Golgi cell inhibitory axon terminals contribute to the classic glomerular synapse on granule cells shared by excitatory mossy fiber terminals (Cajal, 1911;Eccles et al, 1966;Hámori and Szentágothai, 1966;Fox et al, 1967). Golgi cells also inhibit UBCs (Dugué et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functions of Interneurons in Mouse Cerebellum

Barmack¹,

Yakhnitsa²

2008

J. Neurosci.

217

259

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The output signal of Purkinje cells is conveyed by the modulated discharge of simple spikes (SSs) often ascribed to mossy fiber-granule cell-parallel fiber inputs to Purkinje cell dendrites. Although generally accepted, this view lacks experimental support. We can address this view by controlling afferent signals that reach the cerebellum over climbing and mossy fiber pathways. Vestibular primary afferents constitute the largest mossy fiber projection to the uvula-nodulus. The discharge of vestibular primary afferent mossy fibers increases during ipsilateral roll tilt. The discharge of SSs decreases during ipsilateral roll tilt. Climbing fiber discharge [complex spikes (CSs)] increases during ipsilateral roll tilt. These observations suggest that the modulation of SSs during vestibular stimulation cannot be attributed directly to vestibular mossy fiber afferents. Rather we suggest that interneurons driven by vestibular climbing fibers may determine SS modulation. We recorded from cerebellar interneurons (granule, unipolar brush, Golgi, stellate, basket, and Lugaro cells) and Purkinje cells in the uvula-nodulus of anesthetized mice during vestibular stimulation. We identified all neuronal types by juxtacellular labeling with neurobiotin. Granule, unipolar brush, stellate, and basket cells discharge in phase with ipsilateral roll tilt and in phase with CSs. Golgi cells discharge out of phase with ipsilateral roll tilt and out of phase with CSs. The phases of stellate and basket cell discharge suggests that their activity could account for the antiphasic behavior of CSs and SSs. Because Golgi cells discharge in phase with SSs, Golgi cell activity cannot account for SS modulation. The sagittal array of Golgi cell axon terminals suggests that they contribute to the organization of discrete parasagittal vestibular zones.

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“…Its design remains invaried in phylogeny (Braitenberg and Atwood 1958). The arrangement of Purkinje cell dendrites and parallel fibers allows maximal convergence and divergence in minimal space (Fox and Barnard 1957;Fox et al 1964Fox et al , 1967Hamori and Szentagothai 1964). The mossy fiber-granule cell-parallel fiber system conveys, tagether with the climbing fibers, the main afferent inputs to the cerebellar Purkinje cells (Llinas and Hiliman 1969).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative studies on regional differences in purkinje cell dendritic spines and parallel fiber synaptic density

Heinsen

1983

Anat Embryol

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Summary. Valurne densities, surface densities, length densities and numerical densities of several structures in the neocerebellar lobtde VIa and the archicerebellar lobule X of six-month old male Han: WIST -rats were estimated by point-and intersection-counting. The volume densities of dendritic spines (ca. 6.5%), parallel fiber varicosities (ca. 25°/o) and processes of Bergmann glial cells ( ca. 21 %) were similar in the upper third ofthe molecular layer oflobule VIa and X respectively. The surface density of the spine membrane was 31 mm 2 /mm 3 in lobule X and 32 mm 2 /mm 3 in lobule VIa {p=0.4375; paired Pitman permutation test).The length density of dendritic spines varied from 793 meters/mm 3 in lobule VIa to 675 meters/mm 3 in lobule X {p=0.0938). The mean caliper diameter of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses was estimated by Mayhew's (1979) method and calculated by Cruz-Orive's (1983) computer pro gram. Both tests yielded nearly identical numerical densities of parallel fiber synapses in lobule VIa (6.558 x 10 8 jmm 3 ) and in lobule X (4.892 x 10 8 /mm 3 ; p = 0.0313). The area of synaptic apposition relative to the postsynaptic dendritic spine surface was higher in lobule VIa (13.3o/o) than in lobule X (10.4o/o; p =0.0313). The data provide electron microscopic evidence of regional differences in spine morphology, which tagether with different spiny branchlet diameter and numerical density of parallel fiber synapses may be of importance in Purkin je cell physiology.Key words: Cerebellar cortex -Albino rats -Quantitative anatomyPurkinje cells -Spines -Parallel fiber synapses -Regional differences lntroduction The dendritic trees of Purkin je cells display their full ramification in a vertical plane at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the cerebellar lobule.

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The Primate Cerebellar Cortex: A Golgi and Electron Microscopic Study

Cited by 170 publications

References 41 publications

Besides Purkinje cells and granule neurons: an appraisal of the cell biology of the interneurons of the cerebellar cortex

Besides Purkinje cells and granule neurons: an appraisal of the cell biology of the interneurons of the cerebellar cortex

Functions of Interneurons in Mouse Cerebellum

Quantitative studies on regional differences in purkinje cell dendritic spines and parallel fiber synaptic density

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