The pulse in reflectance pulse oximetry: Modeling and experimental studies

Abstract

The sensitivity of reflectance pulse oximetry calibration to the depth and magnitude of arterial pulsatility reinforces the observation that monitoring site selection is of importance in optimizing reflectance pulse oximetry performance, particularly fetal pulse oximetry. Sites with palpable pulsatility should be avoided.

Reducing motion artifacts in photoplethysmograms by using relative sensor motion: phantom study

“…[39][40][41] A diffuse scattering POM window has been used as a skin phantom, because the optical properties of POM are similar to skin. 42 The POM window models the optical shunt caused by light that does not propagate through pulsating blood, as illustrated by the topmost dashed arrow in Fig.…”

“…4. 2,41 A transparent window has been used to determine the contribution of the optical shunt through the POM skin phantom to the modeled PPG.…”

“…40,41 By using the insert with the silicone membranes, a flexible flow channel is obtained that enables mimicking blood volume changes. A pulsatile flow will cause the flexible membranes to bend downward upon increases in pressure in the channel, thus locally increasing the volume of the flow channel, as indicated in Fig.…”

A Photoplethysmography Melanin Evaluation System by Modified Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE)

“…Among various techniques, photoplethysmography (PPG) is a noninvasive electrooptic, low-cost, and simple technique that can be analyzed to provide the information of physiological status and skin properties, such as blood oxygenation, melanin, blood volume, heart rate, and other features of a human [3][4][5][6]. To evaluate the melanin concentration and other tissue properties, most bibliographies are usually based on Boltzmann transfer equation (BTE) [7][8][9][10][11][12], Beer-Lambert law simplified from the BTE [13][14][15][16][17][18], or empirical equations derived from diffuse reflectance model and Boltzmann transfer equation [19][20][21][22].…”

Optimizing probe design for an implantable perfusion and oxygenation sensor

“…The performance of sensors based on diffuse reflection has been shown to be highly dependent on the probe design and especially on the source to detector separation [17][18][19][20][21]. In this work, we investigate the effect of the source to detector separation on the performance of the previously mentioned sensor through Monte Carlo modeling and in vitro phantom studies.…”