The question of tag questions in women's speech: they don't really use more of them, do they?↓

Dubois, Betty Lou; Crouch, Isabel M.

doi:10.1017/s0047404500006680

Cited by 203 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In empirical investigations, Fishman (1980) and Eakins and Eakins (1978) found that women used tag questions more often than men. Other researchers, however, have found that tag questions were used more by men than by women (e.g., Dubois and Crouch, 1975;Lapadat and Seesahai, 1977).…”

Section: Conversational Division Of Labormentioning

confidence: 98%

Sex and Power in Interaction: Conversational Privileges and Duties

Kollock¹,

Blumstein²,

Schwartz³

1985

American Sociological Review

194

101

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In recent years there has been a growing research interest in sex differences in speech (e.g., Thorne and Henley, 1975; Thorne et al., 1983). Conversational behavior, it was once argued, can be viewed as having a "male dialect" and a "female dialect" (Kramer, 1974). More recent commentators feel that such a conceptualization exaggerates and at the same time oversimplifies the differences between men's and women's speech (Thorne et al., 1983: 14). However, neither these authors, nor any others, deny that there are significant sex differences in verbal interaction.As various sex differences were observed, some authors began to look at possible reasons for their existence and at their implications. Notably, some researchers (cf. Fishman, 1978; *Direct all correspondence to: Peter Kollock, Philip Blumstein, and Pepper Schwartz, Department of Sociology, DK-40, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.This research was supported in part by NSF grant SES-7617497 and a research assistantship to the first author from the Graduate School of the University of Washington. A draft of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Antonio, 1984.The authors are grateful to these colleagues for comments on an earlier draft of this paper: Nancy Durbin, Mary Rogers Gillmore, Laurie Russell Hatch, Judith A. Howard, Mary Savage Leber, Anne Martin, Barbara Risman, Donald Stull and Toshio Yamagishi. We would also like to thank Sandra Hayashi for her work in coding the conversations. Thorne and Henley, 1975) felt that these differences were tied not solely to sex, but to power as well. In looking, for example, at differences in the amount of time spent talking, at terms of address, and at intenuption patterns, the implication was that observed sex differences in language mirror the overall difference in power between men and women, and that the way in which people communicate reflects and reinforces the hierarchical relationships that exist around them.As intriguing or intuitively appealing as these questions may be, there have been few studies to test empirically what relationship power and sex have to the observed differences in men's and women's speech.

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Section: Conversational Division Of Labormentioning

confidence: 98%

Sex and Power in Interaction: Conversational Privileges and Duties

Kollock¹,

Blumstein²,

Schwartz³

1985

American Sociological Review

194

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…)-that can be inserted into a wide variety of sentences. A number of studies have reported that females use more often tag questions (e.g., McMillan, Clifton, McGrath, & Gale 1977;Mulac & Lundell 1986) although others have found the opposite (e.g., Dubois & Crouch 1975). Besides this, gender differences have also been examined by studying the actual words people use.…”

Section: Rationale and Criteria For Designing The Questionnaire For Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualitative Characteristics of Coherence, Substitution, and Reference by Non-English Major Chinese Students

Shen¹

2010

ELT

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This study addresses the interrelation among coherence, substitution, and reference by non-English major Chinese students. The author collected data through student questionnaires. Participants included 30 non-English major Chinese undergraduate students. The findings of this study suggested that the similarities and differences were confirmed either in all participants or in the two gender groups. For example, in terms of similarities either all participants or the two gender groups tend to commit more mistakes in regards to coherence than substitution or reference. On the other hand, some significant differences were found, for instance, males scored relatively higher in the mean substitution and reference than did females, whereas females performed better in the mean coherence compared to males in the same field.

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“…Dubois & Crouch, 1975;Cameron et al, 1989;and Brower et al, 1979) who do not necessarily confirm those findings. However, as Wardhaugh (2006, p. 321) says, some "investigators did find, however, that the gender of the addressee was an important variable in determining how a speaker phrased a particular question".…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Causative get-constructions in the dialogued passages in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novels The Beautiful and Damned and Tender Is the Night as gender-conditioned structures

Gołąbek

2015

Journal of Language and Cultural Education

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It goes without saying that in modern sociolinguistics there is a consensus with regard to the fact that the language of males and females differs. The initial sections of the article briefly address the peculiarities of gendered speech as to provide a theoretical background for checking whether the causative get is used similarly or differently by men and women in the two of F. Scott Fitzgerald's novels: The Beautiful and Damned and Tender Is the Night. The basic expectation formed is that the motifs for triggering the use of causative get are of social rather than structural nature. Before the analysis is carried out, the group of the English periphrastic causatives are sketchily characterized. Generally, what has been found is that there is a clear, socially-motivated pattern of how F. Scott Fitzgerald uses the causative get in the dialogued occurrences in his two novels. Get is a characteristic of men's talk, but it is also the expected form while female characters address male ones -hence the verb is labelled as "masculine" get. Moreover, it has been discovered that there does not seem to be any particular pattern in either the speaker's mood or the speaker's attitude expressed that would trigger the use of the causative verb in question. Yet, what seems to be a well-defined tendency, when it comes to the speaker-hearer power relation, is that the speaker usually assumes a more superior position than the hearer when he or she uses the causative verb. The superiority in most cases is strongly associated with masculinity. Hence, what is postulated is that the causative get is labelled not only as "masculine" but also as "superior". Keywordssociolinguistics, language and gender, periphrastic causative verbs, causative get, F. Scott Fitzgerald, power-relation, masculinity and superiority Introduction A major topic that has recently been in the focus of the sociolinguistic analysis is the mutual relations between the ways in which particular languages are used and the social roles performed by men and women who use those languages. It has been universally recognized that men and women speaking a given language use it differently. The question is about the source and the nature of those differences. Do the differences in the gendered speech derive from the language structure? Or, alternatively, do those differences simply reflect the manner in which the two sexes interact socially with each other? As Włodarczyk-Stachurska (2011a, p. 486) claims, the positive answer to the first question would basically confirm Whorfian hypothesis (1929), "acknowledging the close relationship between language and culture, maintaining that they were inextricably related so that you could not understand one without a knowledge of the other". In turn, as Włodarczyk-Stachurska claims, the affirmative answer to the latter question would undoubtedly emphasise the role of social dependencies as the factors playing the most significant role in shaping the language of men and women (ibid.).

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The question of tag questions in women's speech: they don't really use more of them, do they?↓

Cited by 203 publications

References 2 publications

Sex and Power in Interaction: Conversational Privileges and Duties

Sex and Power in Interaction: Conversational Privileges and Duties

Qualitative Characteristics of Coherence, Substitution, and Reference by Non-English Major Chinese Students

Causative get-constructions in the dialogued passages in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novels The Beautiful and Damned and Tender Is the Night as gender-conditioned structures

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