The rationale for an integrated stratigraphic framework of the Upper Rotliegend II depositional system in the Netherlands

Ojik, K. van; Böhm, A.; Cremer, Holger; Geluk, Mark; Jong, M.G.G. de; Mijnlieff, H.F.; Nio, S.D.

doi:10.2110/pec.11.98.0037

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Updates and minor revisions followed with the Stratigraphic Nomenclature for the Netherlands (Van Adrichem Boogaert & Kouwe, 1997), and the work of Geluk (2005). Recently, Van Ojik et al (2012) published an integrated stratigraphic framework for the Upper Rotliegend, based on different stratigraphic concepts including sequence stratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy. The difficulty with establishing such a framework is that its continental deposits are virtually barren of fossils and that there is not much material suitable for K/Ar dating.…”

Section: Stratigraphy Of the Dutch Rotliegendmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The difficulty with establishing such a framework is that its continental deposits are virtually barren of fossils and that there is not much material suitable for K/Ar dating. Based on dating of the volcanics of the Lower Rotliegend and of the directly overlying Coppershale of the Zechstein Formation, it is concluded that the entire Upper Rotliegend was deposited in a period of maximum 6 million years (Van Ojik et al, 2012).…”

Section: Stratigraphy Of the Dutch Rotliegendmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geology of the Groningen field – an overview

Jager¹,

Visser

2017

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences

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After more than half a century of production and with some 350 wells, the Groningen gas field must be one of the best-studied gas fields in the world. Initially, it was considered to be relatively simple and behaving like one big tank. Now that it is entering a phase of declining production it has become clear that many subtleties are not fully understood yet. Prediction and management of subsidence and induced earth tremors require a detailed understanding of the field geology. In addition, an optimum gas recovery is only possible if details of, for example, reservoir quality distribution and faulting, that did not appear relevant before, are well understood.The large Groningen field comprises a structurally high block during much of its history, probably already from Devonian times onwards. The desert sandstones of the Rotliegend reservoir exhibit a strong south-to-north proximal-distal relationship. Whilst diagenesis has in many fields led to deterioration of reservoir properties, this effect is small in the Groningen field. The field is dipping to the north, and bounded by a series of normal faults in the west, south and east. Almost all faults are normal extensional faults, but locally inverse reactivation has led to small pop-up structures.Reactivation of older faults must have resulted in oblique movements along most faults.The challenges for future development of the Groningen field are immense. Managing the risks associated with induced seismicity and recovery of the remaining gas will continue to require an increasingly detailed knowledge and understanding of its geology.

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Section: Stratigraphy Of the Dutch Rotliegendmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stratigraphy Of the Dutch Rotliegendmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geology of the Groningen field – an overview

Jager¹,

Visser

2017

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences

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“…Geothermal plays. Onshore in the Netherlands, five Slochteren Sandstone geothermal systems (see Appendix B) were drilled in the predominantly aeolian facies surrounding the Texel-IJsselmeer High (Fryberger et al 2011;Van Ojik et al 2011) at depths between 1800 and 2700 m. Average permeabilities of the reservoirs are reported to be in the order of 50-250 mD with thickness values of 90-210 m. These result in permeability-thickness or transmissivity values of 10-20 Dm, which depending on the geothermal system design cater for a flow of 150-300 m 3 h −1 and installed power of 7-17 MW th . The presence and gross thickness of the Rotliegend appear to be well constrained.…”

Section: New Geological Insights and Discoveries Since 2007mentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights on subsurface energy resources in the Southern North Sea Basin area

Doornenbal

Kombrink

Bouroullec

et al. 2019

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The Southern North Sea Basin area, stretching from the UK to the Netherlands, has a rich hydrocarbon exploration and production history. The past, present and expected future hydrocarbon and geothermal exploration trends in this area are discussed for eight key lithostratigraphic intervals, ranging from the Lower Carboniferous to Cenozoic. In the period between 2007 and 2017, a total of 95 new hydrocarbon fields were discovered, particularly in Upper Carboniferous, Rotliegend and Triassic reservoirs. Nineteen geothermal systems were discovered in the Netherlands onshore, mainly targeting aquifers in the Rotliegend and Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous formations. Although the Southern North Sea Basin area is mature in terms of hydrocarbon exploration, it is shown that with existing and new geological insights, additional energy resources are still being proven in new plays such as the basal Upper Rotliegend (Ruby discovery) for natural gas and a new Chalk play for oil. It is predicted that hydrocarbon exploration in the Southern North Sea Basin area will probably experience a slight growth in the coming decade before slowing down, as the energy transition further matures. Geothermal exploration is expected to continue growing in the Netherlands onshore as well as gain more momentum in the UK. Since the publication of the Petroleum Geological Atlas of the Southern Permian Basin (SPB) (Doornenbal & Stevenson 2010), which gave a comprehensive overview based on more than 150 years of petroleum exploration and research from onshore UK to Poland, the basin has continued to see successful exploration wells drilled together with a diversification of drilling targets. This paper summarizes the activities over the period 2007-17 to give an update on new exploration insights. The focus of this paper is more limited than the entire SPB Atlas area and concentrates on its western part between latitudes

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“…Stratigraphically, the Upper Rotliegend (Fig. 2) can be subdivided into at least two genetically linked depositional cycles: (1) a lower cycle bound by the top of the 'transgressive' Ameland Member at the top, and the base of the Lower Slochteren at the base, the latter concurrent with the Base Permian Unconformity; and (2) an upper cycle bounded by the base of the transgressive Copper Shale at the top, and the top of the transgressive Ameland Member at the base, including the Upper Slochteren and Ten Boer members, and their time-equivalent deposits (van Adrichem Boogaert & Kouwe 1993-1997George & Berry 1997;van Ojik et al 2011). The sand content within each of the claystone members shows a gradual increase towards the basin margin and, conversely, the sandstone members demonstrate an increase in shale content in a basin-centreward direction.…”

Section: Stratigraphy and Palaeogeographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The green filled polygon represents the area where the top of the Rotliegend is buried at present-day depth shallower than 3 km, and the yellow filled polygon represents the area where the average porosity is larger than c. 15%. due to the ongoing relaxation of a weak and thin lithosphere resulted in the formation of the very large Southern Permian Basin (van den Belt 2007), and provision of the accommodation space in which the sediments of the Upper Rotliegend system were deposited (van Ojik et al 2011). Continuing mild extension during the Permian occurred in a roughly east-west direction.…”

Section: Structural Setting and Burial Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fault seal behaviour in Permian Rotliegend reservoir sequences: case studies from the Dutch Southern North Sea

Ojik¹,

Silvius

Kremer

et al. 2019

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Permian Rotliegend reservoir rocks are generally characterized by high net/gross (N/G) ratios, and faults in such sand-dominated lithologies are typically not considered likely to seal. Nevertheless, many examples of membrane sealing are present in Rotliegend gas fields in the Southern Permian Basin. This manuscript reviews examples of membrane sealing in the Dutch Rotliegend; it presents an extensive dataset of petrophysical properties of Rotliegend fault rocks and analyses two case studies using commonly used workflows. Fault (membrane) seal studies have been carried out on two Rotliegend fields to test the level of confidence and uncertainty of prediction of 'across fault pressure differences' (AFPD) based on existing SGR-based algorithms. From the field studies it is concluded that observable small AFPDs are present and that these are likely pre-production AFPDs due to exploration-time scale trapping and retention of hydrocarbons. Two shale gouge ratio (SGR)-based empirical algorithms have been used here to estimate AFPDs in lower N/G reservoir intervals with the aim of predicting membrane seal behaviour, and these results are compared to field data. It is concluded the selected SGR-based tools predict AFPD for Upper Rotliegend lower N/G reservoir rocks with reasonable results. Nonetheless, the core sample datasets show a much wider range of permeability and capillary entry pressure than predicted by the selected SGR transforms. This highlights the potential to modify existing workflows for application to faults in high N/G lithologies. Data sharing and collaboration between industry and academics is encouraged, so that in the long run workflows can be developed specifically for faults in high N/G lithologies.

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The rationale for an integrated stratigraphic framework of the Upper Rotliegend II depositional system in the Netherlands

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Geology of the Groningen field – an overview

Geology of the Groningen field – an overview

New insights on subsurface energy resources in the Southern North Sea Basin area

Fault seal behaviour in Permian Rotliegend reservoir sequences: case studies from the Dutch Southern North Sea

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