The Recent Advanced in Microalgal Phytosterols: Bioactive Ingredients Along With Human-Health Driven Potential Applications

Sañé, Elisabet; Mondo, Angelo Del; Ambrosino, Luca; Smerilli, Arianna; Sansone, Clementina; Brunet, Christophe

doi:10.1080/87559129.2021.1938115

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…The hormetic curve of the phytosterol vs lipid content confirms the two physiological states succession, as well as the relevant role of light in modulating phytosterols content in microalgae [ 32 – 36 ], modulating the membrane fluidity and permeability [ 37 ]. High light intensity, as well as blue light (= high light energy), are known to decrease the phytosterol content in microalgae [ 32 , 34 – 36 ]. The documented phytosterol content decrease belongs to the high light energy-induced cascade of responses, together with the lowering of photosynthesis and increase in protective and defense requirements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

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Biotechnological response curve of the cyanobacterium Spirulina subsalsa to light energy gradient

Pistelli

Mondo

Smerilli

et al. 2023

Biotechnol Biofuels

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Background Microalgae represent a suitable and eco-sustainable resource for human needs thanks to their fast growth ability, together with the great diversity in species and intracellular secondary bioactive metabolites. These high-added-value compounds are of great interest for human health or animal feed. The intracellular content of these valuable compound families is tightly associated with the microalgal biological state and responds to environmental cues, e.g., light. Our study develops a Biotechnological response curve strategy exploring the bioactive metabolites synthesis in the marine cyanobacterium Spirulina subsalsa over a light energy gradient. The Relative Light energy index generated in our study integrates the red, green and blue photon flux density with their relative photon energy. The Biotechnological response curve combined biochemical analysis of the macromolecular composition (total protein, lipid, and carbohydrate content), total sterols, polyphenols and flavonoids, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, B9, B12, C, D2, D3, E, H, and K1), phycobiliproteins, together with the antioxidant activity of the biomass as well as the growth ability and photosynthesis. Results Results demonstrated that light energy significantly modulate the biochemical status of the microalga Spirulina subsalsa revealing the relevance of the light energy index to explain the light-induced biological variability. The sharp decrease of the photosynthetic rate at high light energy was accompanied with an increase of the antioxidant network response, such as carotenoids, total polyphenols, and the antioxidant capacity. Conversely, low light energy favorized the intracellular content of lipids and vitamins (B2, B6, B9, D3, K1, A, C, H, and B12) compared to high light energy. Conclusions Results of the Biotechnological response curves were discussed in their functional and physiological relevance as well as for the essence of their potential biotechnological applications. This study emphasized the light energy as a relevant tool to explain the biological responses of microalgae towards light climate variability, and, therefore, to design metabolic manipulation of microalgae.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Biotechnological response curve of the cyanobacterium Spirulina subsalsa to light energy gradient

Pistelli

Mondo

Smerilli

et al. 2023

Biotechnol Biofuels

Self Cite

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“…Microalgae, instead, sharing photosynthetic and microbial properties, are a promising eco-sustainable alternative [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ]. Moreover, the microalgae content and diversity in bioactive compounds—for example, vitamins, carotenoids, or polyphenols [ 23 , 27 , 66 , 67 , 68 ]—make them highly attractive bio-factories [ 60 , 67 , 68 , 69 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microalgal Diatoxanthin Inflects the Cytokine Storm in SARS-CoV-2 Stimulated ACE2 Overexpressing Lung Cells

et al. 2022

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Contact between SARS-CoV-2 and human lung cells involves the viral spike protein and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on epithelial cells, the latter being strongly involved in the regulation of inflammation as well as blood pressure homeostasis. SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a strong inflammatory response defined as a “cytokine storm”. Among recent therapeutic approaches against SARS-CoV-2 targeting the dramatic inflammatory reaction, some natural products are promising. Diatoms are microalgae able to produce bioactive secondary metabolites, such as the xanthophyll diatoxanthin (Dt). The aim of this study is to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effects of Dt on the A549-hACE2 lung cell line, exploring its interaction with the ACE2 receptor, as well as depicting its role in inhibiting a cytokine storm induced by the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Results showed that Dt enhanced the cell metabolism, e.g., the percent of metabolically active cells, as well as the ACE2 enzymatic activity. Moreover, Dt strongly affected the response of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein-exposed A549-hACE2 cells in decreasing the interleukin-6 production and increasing the interleukin-10 release. Moreover, Dt upregulated genes encoding for the interferon pathway related to antiviral defense and enhanced proteins belonging to the innate immunity response. The potential interest of Dt as a new therapeutic agent in the treatment and/or prevention of the severe inflammatory syndrome related to SARS-CoV-2 infection is postulated.

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“…These algae are known to flourish in high light environments at shallow depths of about 10 to 20 meters 33 , where exposure to UV-B wavelengths is likely. Earlier findings provided intermittent indications that E. huxleyi algae might possess the inherent capability to synthesize vitamin D. These reports highlighted the algal capacity to generate vitamin D 2 upon exposure to UV-B irradiation 11 , its cholesterol content 34,35 , and the presence of a gene analogous to 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) responsible for converting 7-dehydrocholesterol into cholesterol 36 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Vitamin D inEmiliania huxleyi: A Microalgal Perspective on UV Exposure

Eliason,

Malitsky,

Panizel

et al. 2023

Preprint

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An essential interaction between sunlight and eukaryotes involves the production of vitamin D through exposure to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. While extensively studied in vertebrates, the role of vitamin D in non-animal eukaryotes like microalgae remains unclear. Emiliania huxleyi, a microalga inhabiting shallow ocean depths exposed to UV-B radiation, is well-suited for this research. Our results show that E. huxleyi can produce vitamin D2 and D3, pointing to their potential role in the algal physiology. We further show that E. huxleyi algae respond to vitamin D at the transcriptional level, regulating the expression of protective mechanisms such as the light-harvesting complex stress-related protein (LHCSR) and heme oxygenase, and that vitamin D enhances the algal photosynthetic performance while reducing harmful reactive oxygen species buildup. Understanding the function of vitamin D in E. huxleyi has broader implications, shedding light on its role in non-animal eukaryotes and its potential importance in marine ecosystems. This research sets the stage for further investigations into the complex relationship between sunlight, vitamin D, and microalgal physiology, which contributes to our understanding of how eukaryotes adapt to diverse environmental conditions.

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The Recent Advanced in Microalgal Phytosterols: Bioactive Ingredients Along With Human-Health Driven Potential Applications

Cited by 12 publications

References 97 publications

Biotechnological response curve of the cyanobacterium Spirulina subsalsa to light energy gradient

Biotechnological response curve of the cyanobacterium Spirulina subsalsa to light energy gradient

The Microalgal Diatoxanthin Inflects the Cytokine Storm in SARS-CoV-2 Stimulated ACE2 Overexpressing Lung Cells

The Role of Vitamin D inEmiliania huxleyi: A Microalgal Perspective on UV Exposure

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