The recent development in synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of small molecule to treat Alzheimer's diseases: A review

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder in which the death of brain cells causes memory loss and cognitive decline. It is a neurodegenerative type of dementia, the disease starts mild and gets progressively worse. Like all types of dementia, Alzheimer's is caused by brain cell death. The most common presentation marking Alzheimer's dementia is where symptoms of memory loss are the most prominent, especially in the area of learning and recalling new information. Alzheimer's disease is not simple to diagnose for which there is no single test. For this reason, the first thing doctors do is to rule out other problems before confirming whether mental signs and symptoms are severe enough to be a kind of dementia or something else. Genetic test is possible in some settings to indicate the likelihood of someone having or developing the disease but this is controversial and not entirely reliable. There are no disease-modifying drugs available for Alzheimer's disease but some options may reduce its symptoms and help improve quality of life. A different kind of drug, namely memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, may also be used, alone or in combination with a cholinesterase inhibitor. This review highlights the several reports that attempt to design and synthesis of some classes of selective Alzheimer's disease inhibitors.