The Relationship Between Axial Length and Choroidal Thickness in Eyes With High Myopia

Flores‐Moreno, Ignacio; Lugo, Francisco; Duker, Jay S.; Ruiz-Moreno, José M.

doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2012.07.015

Cited by 291 publications

(253 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Previous studies have measured choroidal thickness in both normal subjects and those with ocular disease using EDI-OCT and SS-OCT 2,7,9,13,[20][21][22][23][24] . Retinal studies are typically performed with specific software provided by the different OCT manufacturers; however, manual segmentation is required in all cases in which choroidal thickness or volume are measured.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is crucial to study repeatability and reproducibility because of the manual segmentation and the other mentioned parameters. Comparison with previous studies is difficult because of the different line scans performed with various instruments, variability in the ages and sexes of the populations being evaluated or the different statistical methodologies used.A number of studies have characterized healthy choroidal thickness, one of the most studied parameters, as having mean subfoveal choroidal thickness values lower than 300µm 7,9,10,20,23,25 or higher that 300µm 6,8,13,24,[26][27][28] , with a range from 202.6±83.5µm 9 to 355±73µm 8 or 354±111µm …”

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confidence: 99%

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Choroidal Thickness and Volume in Healthy Young White Adults and the Relationships between them and Axial Length, Ammetropy and Sex

Sánchez‐Cano

Orduna

Segura

et al. 2014

American Journal of Ophthalmology

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PURPOSE:To evaluate choroidal thickness in young subjects using Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (EDI SD-OCT) describing volume differences between all the defined areas of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). DESIGN:Prospective, clinical study. METHODS:Seventy-nine eyes of 95 healthy, young (23.8±3.2years), adult volunteers were prospectively enrolled. Manual choroidal segmentation on a 25-raster horizontal scan protocol was performed. The measurements of the nine subfields defined by the ETDRS were evaluated. RESULTS:Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 345.67±81.80µm and mean total choroidal volume was 8.99±1.88mm 3 . Choroidal thickness and volume were higher at the superior and temporal areas compared to inferior and nasal sectors of the same diameter respectively. Strong correlations between subfoveal choroidal thickness and axial length (AL) and myopic refractive error were obtained, r = -0.649, p<0.001 and r = 0.473, p<0.001 respectively. Emmetropic eyes tended to have thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness (381.94±79.88µm versus 307.04±64.91µm) and higher total choroidal volume than myopic eyes (9.80± 1.87mm3 versus 8.14±1.48mm3). The estimation of the variation of the subfoveal choroidal thickness with the AL was -43.84µm/mm. In the myopic group, the variation of the subfoveal choroidal thickness with the myopic refractive error was -10.45µm/D. CONCLUSIONS:This study establishes for the first time a normal database for choroidal thickness and volume in young adults. Axial length, and myopic ammetropy are highly associated with choroidal parameters in healthy subjects. EDI SD-OCT exhibited a high degree of intraobserver and interobserver repeatability. M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT INTRODUCTIONThe development of optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology has revolutionized the diagnostic, monitoring and therapeutic approaches to many retinal diseases. Spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT) offers improved axial resolution (3 µm); by providing 19,000 A-scans per second, it shortens examination times, reducing the eye exposure as well as artifacts 1 . The latest development in OCT technology, sweptsource longer-wavelength OCT (SS-OCT), has a longer-band light source than does the conventional instrumentation (1 µm band light source), providing higher penetration through the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and allowing for better visualization of the choroid; however, at the present time, SS-OCT use is limited to research.The role of the choroid in a number of diseases, including central serous chorioretinopathy, high myopia, age-related macular degeneration, choroidal melanoma, and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, emphasizes the importance of understanding choroidal structure in ocular disease [2][3][4][5] . Indocyanine green has been the best tool for studying choroidal vasculature; however, it does not provide a quantitative evaluation of the layer; other imaging methods such as echography aid in evaluating the layer, and MRI ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Choroidal Thickness and Volume in Healthy Young White Adults and the Relationships between them and Axial Length, Ammetropy and Sex

Sánchez‐Cano

Orduna

Segura

et al. 2014

American Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…6 A significant thinning in CT related with myopia was observed and CT in myopia had negative correlation with refractive power, axial length, and age, which was mentioned in previous studies (Table 3). 5,6,16,18,19 Excimer laser refractive surgery is a common option for correcting myopia. Our study, first reported that the choroid becomes thicker following myopic refractive surgery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16 Choroidal thickness was perpendicularly measured from outermost hyper-reflective line of the retinal pigment epithelium to the choroid-scleral junction, presumed as hyper-reflective line behind large vessels of choroid at the fovea and at a distance of 0.5 and 2.5 mm nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior to the fovea ( Figure 1). 16,17 All the images were taken by two doctors independently for three times to get the average, at the same time point between 0800 and 0000 hours before and after surgery in our routine clinics to avoid possible diurnal variation in the CT. When one eye was examined by OCT, preoperative patients were asked to stare at the green light (target) attached to the OCT device in order to align the test eye for the fovea and control accommodation.…”

Section: Surgery Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in choroidal thickness and the relationship with accommodation following myopic excimer laser surgery

Cheng

Yuan

et al. 2016

Eye

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Purpose To investigate early changes in choroidal thickness (CT) and the relationship with accommodation after myopic excimer laser surgery. Methods We enrolled the right eye of 70 patients with myopia and without other ophthalmic or systemic diseases who were suitable for myopic excimer laser surgery. The CT was measured at the fovea and at distances of 0.5 and 2.5 mm for the following: nasal; temporal; superior; and inferior to the fovea preoperatively and at 1 month postoperatively. Other data collected included demographic information (age, sex, and refractive error), the amplitude of accommodation (AA), intraocular pressure, axial length, corneal thickness, and surgical parameters. The data were analyzed with a paired Student's t-test, stepwise linear regression, and correlation analysis. Results The CT was significantly thicker postoperatively compared with the preoperative CT. The AA significantly decreased postoperatively. The change in the AA was the most significant factor associated with the change in the CT at the fovea. Except for 2.5 mm inferior to the fovea, the increase in the CT at other locations was positively correlated with the decrease in the AA. Conclusions The CT increased following myopic excimer laser surgery and the change was most obvious when accompanied by a decrease in the AA early after the surgery.

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“…However, looking for longitudinal changes within an individual may allow some of the natural choroidal variation between individuals to be accounted for. [50][51][52][53] Strengths of the study included the use of a validated segmentation protocol to analyse OCT images from patients with a relatively rare disease entity. 36 To the authors' knowledge, this is the largest EDI-OCT study in granulomatous uveitis to date.…”

Section: The Choroid In Granulomatous Uveitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural changes of the choroid in sarcoid- and tuberculosis-related granulomatous uveitis

Mehta

Sim

Keane

et al. 2015

Eye

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Aim The aim of this study is to characterise the choroidal features of patients diagnosed with sarcoid-and tuberculosis (TB)-associated granulomatous uveitis using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods Twenty-seven patients (27 eyes) diagnosed with sarcoid-(13 eyes) and TB (14 eyes)-related uveitis were included in this retrospective, cross-sectional study. Over a sixmonth period, patients diagnosed with sarcoid and TB granulomatous uveitis were scanned using enhanced depth imaging OCT. Clinical and demographical characteristics were recorded, including the method of diagnosis, disease activity, site of inflammation (anterior or posterior), treatments, and visual acuity (VA). Manual segmentation of the choroidal layers was performed using custom image analysis software. Results The main outcome measure was OCT-derived thickness measurements of the choroid and choroidal sublayers (Haller's large vessel and Sattler's medium vessel layers) at the macula region. The ratio of Haller's large vessel to Sattler's medium vessel layer was significantly different at the total macula circle in eyes diagnosed with TB uveitis (1.47 ( = 140.71/95.72 μm)) compared with sarcoid uveitis (1.07 ( = 137.70/128.69 μm)) (P = 0.001). A thinner choroid was observed in eyes with a VA ≥ 0.3 LogMAR (Snellen 6/12; 198.1 μm (interquartile range (IQR) = 147.0-253.4 μm) compared with those with VA o0.3 LogMAR (292.4 μm (IQR = 240.1-347.6 μm)) at the total macula circle (P = 0.004). At the foveal central subfield, the median choroidal thickness was 336.8 μm (IQR = 272.3-375.4 μm) in active compared with 239.3 μm (IQR = 195.3-330.9 μm) in quiescent disease (P = 0.04). Conclusion A disproportionately enlarged Sattler's layer may indicate a diagnosis of sarcoid-related uveitis, and choroidal thickening may be a feature of active granulomatous uveitis.

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The Relationship Between Axial Length and Choroidal Thickness in Eyes With High Myopia

Cited by 291 publications

References 39 publications

Choroidal Thickness and Volume in Healthy Young White Adults and the Relationships between them and Axial Length, Ammetropy and Sex

Choroidal Thickness and Volume in Healthy Young White Adults and the Relationships between them and Axial Length, Ammetropy and Sex

Change in choroidal thickness and the relationship with accommodation following myopic excimer laser surgery

Structural changes of the choroid in sarcoid- and tuberculosis-related granulomatous uveitis

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