The Relationship Between Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Sexual Orientation in Men from China

Xu, Yin; Zheng, Yong

doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0535-z

Cited by 64 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…This suggests that the inclusion of a broader category of non-heterosexuals (encompassing individuals with bisexual or more sexually fluid sexual interests) may potentially obfuscate the detection of sexual orientation cognitive differences. Thus, future studies should better assess the full range of sexual orientation and apply appropriate thresholds for categorising different sexual orientation groups (Xu and Zheng, 2016). Again, the number of samples comparing exclusive heterosexuals with nonexclusive homosexuals was substantially smaller than exclusive-only comparisons (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sexual orientation and neurocognitive ability: A meta-analysis in men and women

Norton

Rahman

2017

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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The cross-sex-shift hypothesis predicts that homosexual men and women will be similar in certain neurobehavioral traits to their opposite-sex counterparts. Accordingly, it predicts that homosexual men should perform in the direction of heterosexual women, and homosexual women in the direction of heterosexual men, on neurocognitive tests that show normative sex differences. We conducted a meta-analysis on the relationship between sexual orientation and cognitive performance, and tested the effects of potential moderating variables separately by sex. A total of 106 samples and 254,231 participants were included. The meta-analysis revealed that homosexual men performed like heterosexual women in both male-favouring (e.g., spatial cognition) and female-favouring (e.g., verbal fluency) cognitive tests, while homosexual women performed like heterosexual men only in male-favouring tests. The magnitude of the sexual orientation difference varied across cognitive domains (larger for spatial abilities). It was also larger in studies comparing exclusive heterosexuals with exclusive homosexuals compared to studies comparing exclusive heterosexuals with non-exclusive homosexuals for both sexes. The results may narrow down potential sites for sexual orientation-related neural differences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sexual orientation and neurocognitive ability: A meta-analysis in men and women

Norton

Rahman

2017

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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“…[12][13][14][15][16] Based on the appealing premise that this simple, noninvasive measure may yield insight into otherwise hidden data on the prenatal environment, thousands of published papers have now examined digit ratio in relation to a wide variety of outcomes (e.g. reproductive cancers, 17 cardiovascular health, 18,19 athletic performance, 20,21 sexuality, 22,23 and personality 24,25 ), with inconsistent results in adults. By comparison, relatively few studies have examined digit ratio in childhood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digit ratio, a proposed marker of the prenatal hormone environment, is not associated with prenatal sex steroids, anogenital distance, or gender-typed play behavior in preschool age children

Barrett

Thurston

Harrington

et al. 2020

J Dev Orig Health Dis

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Prenatal hormones have been proposed as key factors impacting child development as well as long-term health and disease. Digit ratio (the ratio of the lengths of the second to fourth digits; 2D:4D) has been proposed as a sexually dimorphic, noninvasive marker of prenatal androgen exposure that can be reliably measured in children and adults. To date, few longitudinal pregnancy cohort studies have examined childhood digit ratio in relation to other relevant measures including prenatal hormones and androgen-sensitive outcomes. To augment the current literature on this topic, we measured right-hand digit ratio in 4-year-old children participating in The Infant Development and the Environment Study, a multicenter longitudinal cohort study that has been following mother–child dyads since the first trimester of pregnancy (n = 321). We assessed sex differences in digit ratio and fit multivariable linear regression models to examine digit ratio in relation to: (1) child sex; (2) maternal sex steroid hormone concentrations in early pregnancy; (3) newborn anogenital distance, another proposed measure of sensitivity to prenatal androgens; and (4) gender-typical play behavior as measured by the Preschool Activities Inventory (PSAI) at age 4. We observed no sex difference in digit ratio; the mean 2D:4D was 0.97 ± 0.05 mm in both sexes. Furthermore, digit ratio was not associated with maternal sex steroid concentrations in early pregnancy, anogenital distance in either sex, or PSAI scores in either sex in covariate-adjusted models. In conclusion, we observed no evidence that early childhood digit ratio was associated with child sex or hormone-sensitive measures in this cohort.

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“…Previous researchers examined the relationship between 2D:4D digit ratio and sexual orientation in Chinese men and studied the influences of the components used to determine sexual orientation. The study revealed that left 2D:4D had a significant positive correlation with sexual identity, sexual desire, sexual conduct and right 2D:4D had a significant positive correlation with sexual attraction (Xu & Zheng, 2016). Similarly, prenatal testosterone and estrogen hormone is likely to be connected with males' sexual orientation (Lippa, 2003).…”

Section: D:4d and Sexual Orientationmentioning

confidence: 91%

Low Digit Ratio (2d:4d) and Masculine Attributes: A Critical Analysis

Islam

Kundu

2020

Int. J. Res. Granthaalayah

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Background: The ratio between the length of the index finger (2D) concerning the length of the ring finger (4D) of a palm, which is noticed as second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D). However, the length ratio of the second digit (the index finger) to that of the fourth digit (the ring finger) probably shows the quantity of male hormone, to which an individual is exposed in the womb of the mother. Likewise, several investigations define that low second to fourth digit finger ratio tended to have related to prenatal testosterone hormone. Prenatal testosterone hormone masculinizes the human body and therefore may build the athletic body. Aim: To review scientific literature related to the lower ratio of second to fourth digit ratio and masculinity. Methods: The Researcher collected scientific evidence through electronic databases; PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, Google Advanced Search, Web of Science, and critically analyzed the entire relevant article according to the nature of this study. Findings: The lower second to fourth digit ratio is associated with prenatal testosterone hormone and is also related to masculine traits that may help in sporting performance. Conclusion: Masculine attributes may be linked to a lower digit finger ratio (2D:4D).

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The Relationship Between Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Sexual Orientation in Men from China

Cited by 64 publications

References 42 publications

Sexual orientation and neurocognitive ability: A meta-analysis in men and women

Sexual orientation and neurocognitive ability: A meta-analysis in men and women

Digit ratio, a proposed marker of the prenatal hormone environment, is not associated with prenatal sex steroids, anogenital distance, or gender-typed play behavior in preschool age children

Low Digit Ratio (2d:4d) and Masculine Attributes: A Critical Analysis

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